Yngvar Ommundsen

• Vabø, Kristoffer Buene; Aadland, Eivind; Haugland, Elisabeth Straume; Johannessen, Kjersti; Tjomsland, Hege Eikeland & Glosvik, Øyvind [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Effects of preschool staff professional development in physical activity on self-regulation, executive function and early academic learning in 3–5-year-old children: The active learning Norwegian preschool(er)s (ACTNOW) cluster-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Sports Sciences. ISSN 0264-0414. 43(4), s. 410–421. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2025.2460886. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We aimed to investigate the effects of preschool staff physical activity (PA) professional development on self-regulation, executive function and early academic learning in 3–5-year-old children. A total of 1265 children from 46 preschools in Norway were randomized to a 7-month intervention or control. Main analyses included 816 3–4-year-olds who provided data at baseline, 7- and 18-month follow-ups. We measured children’s self-regulation (Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task), inhibition, cognitive flexibility, working memory, early expressive vocabulary, early mathematical skills (Early Years Toolbox) and physical activity (accelerometry). Linear mixed models were used to analyze the data. Results showed no effect of the intervention on cognitive or learning outcomes in the primary analyses. We found small positive effects on sedentary time (standardized effect size (ES)=-0.17, p = 0.014) and moderate to vigorous-intensity PA (ES = 0.15, p = 0.048) at 7 months, and a negative effect on low-intensity PA at 18 months (EF = −0.15, p = 0.021). Boys had a small positive effect on vocabulary at 7 months (ES = 0.23, p = 0.006), and girls a small negative effect at 18 months (ES = −0.23, p = 0.004). This cluster RCT in preschoolers supports the notion that pragmatic trials within educational settings have difficulties in providing changes to the PA practice and to impact young children’s cognitive development and learning.

• Bugten, Jesper Barth; Haugen, Tommy; Ivarsson, Andreas; Knight, Camilla J.; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Spencer, Matthew [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Daily measures of sport enjoyment, social interaction, and attendance among female adolescent handball players. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 79. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102852. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study investigates how sport enjoyment and the immediate impact of social interactions with peers and coaches influence short-term sport participation among early adolescent female handball players. By using a diary study approach, data from 27 players over 10 practices in 4 weeks (270 measurement points) were collected. The findings revealed that coach controlling use of rewards during practice increased the risk of non-attendance at the subsequent practices, while peer relatedness support after practice increased attendance probability. Contrarily, peer intra-team conflict, coach negative conditional regard, and sport enjoyment did not predict attendance, suggesting that peer relatedness support and coach controlling use of rewards are more influential in short-term participation decisions for this group of players. Sport enjoyment during practice, as well as peer relatedness support during and after practice, predicted sport enjoyment the following practice. These results highlight the importance of feedback timing and interaction quality in youth sports. Further exploration is proposed on these dynamics across a wider range of demographics, and longer time periods to understand the impact of short- and long-term sport participation.

• Saarinen, Milla; Phipps, Daniel J.; Kuokkanen, Joni; Bjørndal, Christian Thue; Bentzen, Marte & Ommundsen, Yngvar [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Burnout trajectories among adolescent student-athletes: The role of gender, success expectations, and parental affection. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 79. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102831. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In this longitudinal study, we examined the trajectories of sport and school burnout symptoms (exhaustion, cynicism, inadequacy) during the transition to lower secondary sport school among Norwegian student-athletes aged 13–14 years (n = 265; 58,5% males, 41,5% females). We also investigated how student-athletes’ gender and individual success expectations, and their parents' reported levels of affection and success expectations, were associated with different burnout trajectories. Student-athletes completed associated questionnaires at the beginning and end of the first school year, while parents completed questionnaires at the end of the school year. Linear mixed models showed that sport and school burnout symptoms increased over the school year. Females reported higher baseline levels of sport burnout, and males lower baseline levels of school burnout. Low individual success expectations were associated with higher baseline levels of sport and school burnout, and increase in school burnout symptoms over time. High parental success expectations were associated with lower baseline levels of school-related exhaustion. Sport inadequacy increased for student-athletes whose parents reported either affection levels and success expectations that were either both high or both low. The results suggest that it is important that sport schools take the dual pressure student-athletes may experience into consideration, and provide them with adequate support during the transition to lower secondary education. In addition, interventions aimed at increasing parental knowledge of beneficial and harmful ways of involvement in student-athletes’ lives are needed to facilitate student-athlete wellbeing.

• Kristensen, Jan Åge; Kavussanu, Maria & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2025). Perceived motivational climate, doping attitudes, and doping temptation among elite adolescent athletes: The moderating role of perfectionism. European Journal of Sport Science (EJSS). ISSN 1746-1391. 25(3). doi: 10.1002/ejsc.12244. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A sports culture that emphasizes normative success, as evident in a performance motivational climate, may encourage athletes to use prohibited performance-enhancing substances. Athletes with perfectionistic tendencies are believed to be particularly tempted to doping when finding themselves in such sporting environments. In this study, we examined whether perceived motivational climate was related to doping temptation directly and indirectly via doping attitudes and whether perfectionism moderated this indirect relationship. The sample comprised 420 adolescent athletes aged 16–18 years (mean age = 16.94 and standard deviation = 0.81) recruited from five Norwegian sport academy high schools. Regression analysis revealed that athletes' perceptions of a performance climate were positively related to their temptation to dope both directly and indirectly via doping attitudes, and that this indirect relationship was stronger among athletes who were moderate or high in their perfectionistic concerns. No direct or indirect relationships were found between mastery climate and doping temptation, nor did perfectionistic strivings moderate the indirect relationship between mastery climate and doping temptation via doping attitudes. Taken together, our findings suggest that athletes who perceive their sport environment as performance-oriented and believe that the benefits of using prohibited substances outweigh the drawbacks are more tempted to dope. Moreover, this tendency is particularly notable among athletes who are moderately or strongly concerned about making mistakes (i.e., have perfectionistic concerns).

• Ommundsen, Yngvar; Ivarsson, Andreas; Wold, Bente; Gjesdal, Siv & Solstad, Bård Erlend (2024). The relationship between young football players’ psychological health resources and the psychological quality of their football experiences: A cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE. 19(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305978. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Studies taking a person-centred statistical approach when examining young peoples` psychological experiences in sport is scarce. The main aim of the present study was to examine the relationships between young football players’ psychological health resources and the psychological quality of their football-specific experiences. Data for this cross-sectional study was collected as part of the [BLINDED] arm of the larger Promoting Adolescence Physical Activity (PAPA) multi-centre project [1]. The sample consisted of young [BLINDED] male (n = 814), female (n = 576), grassroots football players between the ages of 10 and 15 years (M = 12.5 years, SD = 1.1 years). We performed a latent profile analysis using Mplus 8.4 using a robust maximum likelihood estimator (MLR). Players with the most resourceful psychological health profile experienced more coach social support (mean = 4.38) than did those with a less well-off resourceful profile (mean = 3.79) and those with the least well-off profile (mean = 3.28). Players with the most resourceful profile also felt a stronger sense of unity among their teammates and they enjoyed football more than those least well off (mean = 4.43 vrs. mean = 3.12 and mean = 4.74 vrs 3.50. respectively). Parallel between-profile differences were also found for the players’ general health resources including perceived life satisfaction, general health and family affluence as covariates. Findings suggest that variations in young players’ psychological health profiles and their general health resources play a role in the quality of their football-specific psychological experiences.

• Kristensen, Jan Åge; Haugen, Tommy & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2024). Supplement usage and doping attitudes in elite youth sports: The mediating role of dietary supplement acceptance. PLOS ONE. 19(2). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297078. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study investigated whether dietary supplement acceptance mediated the relationship between supplement use and doping attitudes in youth sports. To this end, we employed a two-wave half-longitudinal design during a sports season (time point one [T1] to time point two [T2]). The sample consisted of 217 elite youth athletes (47% male; mean age = 16.98 years, standard deviation = 0.88) who competed in team sports (43%; N = 93; basketball, floorball, handball, and ice hockey) and individual sports (57%; N = 124; alpine skiing, biathlon, cross-country skiing, swimming, and tennis). The participants were recruited from eight Norwegian sports academy high schools that provide extracurricular, higher-level training and specialization for youth athletes. Results from structural equation modeling analysis indicated that dietary supplement acceptance (T2) mediated the positive relationship between supplement use (T1) and doping attitudes (T2) when accounting for prior levels of the mediator and the outcome variable. These findings suggest that when young athletes used dietary supplements at the start of the season to improve their performance, they were more likely to view the use of supplements as acceptable and to report more favorable attitudes toward doping at the end of the season six months later. For those seeking to prevent doping in youth sports, targeting athletes’ views on the acceptable use of dietary supplements may be important.

• Aadland, Katrine Nyvoll; Lervåg, Arne; Andersen, John Roger; Howard, Steven J.; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Aadland, Eivind (2024). Effects of a staff physical activity professional development intervention on preschoolers' mental health and self-regulation: The active learning Norwegian Preschool(er)s (ACTNOW) cluster randomised controlled trial. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 75. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102705. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background and aim: Physical activity may have positive effects on preschoolers' mental health and self-regulation. The preschool setting provides children with opportunities to meet physical activity guidelines and could improve with staff training in delivering physical activity. This study examined the effect of physical activity professional development for preschool staff on preschoolers' proxy-measured mental health and self-regulation. Methods: In total, 1265 children from 46 preschools were cluster randomised to either the intervention or the control group. The intervention was nested within two levels implemented concurrently: the preschool level, formed as a professional development where preschools conducted development work, and the child level, with whom the staff implemented physical activity with four core components. Data were analysed using an ANCOVA model through structural equation modelling with latent outcome factors of: emotional problems, peer problems, hyperactivity, and prosocial behaviour from the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire; and cognitive, emotional, and behavioural self-regulation from the Child Self-regulation and Behaviour Questionnaire. Results: No effects of the intervention (standardised effect sizes -0.195–0.145, p-values 0.118–0.893) were observed. Secondary analysis showed that children with initially high prosocial behaviour and behavioural self-regulation positively benefited from the intervention (p = 0.035 and p = 0.047, respectively). Conclusion: The ACTNOW intervention had no effects on preschoolers' mental health or self-regulation after 18 months, besides effects for children with initially the highest prosocial behaviour and behavioural self-regulation. Although the professional development was more extensive than previous studies it may have been insufficient to change the preschools physical activity practices.

• Appleton, Paul R; Viladrich, Carme; Quested, Eleanor; González-García, Lorena; Papaioannou, Athanasios & Hall, Howard [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Measurement invariance of the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire-coach in youth sport. Frontiers in Psychology. 13. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.958444. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this study was to test the measurement invariance (across five languages, two time points, and two experimental conditions) of the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnairecoach (EDMCQ-C; Appleton et al., 2016) when completed by 9256 young sport participants (M age = 11.53 years, SD = 1.39 years; 13.5% female). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the validity of a 2-factor (empowering and disempowering) model running a multiple group analysis without any equality constraint (configural invariance) followed by measurement invariance of factor loadings and thresholds (scalar invariance). Findings provided support for partial invariance across languages and scalar invariance across time and experimental groups. The factors were interpretable across the analyses, and items loaded as intended by theory except for item 15. This study provides further evidence regarding the psychometric properties of the EDMCQ-C and suggests this scale (minus item 15) can be used to provide meaningful latent mean comparisons (Marsh et al., 2013) of empowering and disempowering coachcreated climates across athletes speaking the five targeted languages, across time, and across experimental groups.

• Kristensen, Jan Åge; Haugen, Tommy & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2023). Perceived social pressure and intention to play through injuries in junior ice hockey: The sporting environment matters. Journal of Sports Sciences. ISSN 0264-0414. 41(14). doi: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2273084. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Playing when injured is a risky yet common business among ice hockey players. Conceptualized within the framework of the theory of planned behaviour, the current cross-sectional study aimed to test a multiple-mediator model linking players’ perceived social pressure to their intention to play when injured. We tested whether social pressure is directly and indirectly (via attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control avoidance, and situational temptation) related to intention to play when injured. We recruited 186 junior players aged 16–20 years (mean age = 17.85; standard deviation = 1.35) from two Norwegian ice hockey leagues (under 18 and under 20 years of age). The data were analysed using a linear regression procedure and a bias-corrected bootstrapping technique to measure indirect effects. The results revealed a positive direct and indirect (via attitudes, subjective norms, and situational temptation) rela-tionship between players’ perceived social pressure and their intention to play when injured. In conclusion, players that perceived pressure to play despite being injured, who perceived positive consequences of doing so, who believed that people close or important to them approved of them doing so, and who perceived game-specific temptations, were more likely to report a stronger intent to play the game when injured.

• Kristensen, Jan Åge; Skilbred, Anette; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Loland, Sigmund (2022). Performance-enhancing and health-compromising behaviors in youth sports: A systematic mixed-studies review. Performance Enhancement & Health. 10(4). doi: 10.1016/j.peh.2022.100237. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Success in sports entails striving toward greater achievement and outstanding performance. In their pursuit of these goals, adolescent athletes use various means and resort to behaviors that may cause adverse consequences for their health. As they are still in the developmental stage, they are particularly vulnerable to unwanted health consequences. This study aimed to systematically review previous studies on the contextual and personal factors associated with adolescent athletes’ performance-enhancing and health-compromising behaviors. The review was conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines. Several databases were searched, including SPORTDiscus, Pubmed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. The literature search and additional manual searches of sources yielded a total of 2,808 articles. These were screened against the inclusion criteria, and the remaining 15 were assessed for eligibility using Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool 2018. Convergent meta-integration with thematic analysis was performed by converting quantitative and qualitative data from young athletes aged 14–20 years into relevant codes and themes. Within these themes, the study's findings are presented through narratives that are perceived to influence young athletes’ use of doping and other behaviors that may lead to doping, such as the use of nutritional supplementation and non-prescription painkillers and playing despite being injured and having pain. Our findings indicate that athletes’ entourages (e.g., their coaches, peers, and parents) matter in a variety of ways in athletes’ socialization toward refraining from risking their health in pursuit of greater achievement and outstanding performance.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Søvik, Margaret Ljosnes; Larsen, Torill Marie Bogsnes & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2022). A coach education initiative in the context of Norwegian grassroots football : implementation and lessons learned. I Leeder, Thomas M. (Red.), Coach Education in Football : Contemporary Issues and Global Perspectives. Routledge. ISSN 9780367709792. s. 181–192. doi: 10.4324/9781003148784-20. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Rates of organised grassroots football participation in Norway exceed those of other European countries with 44% of all children registered in the Norwegian Football Federation (NFF). The guidelines found in Children's Rights in Sports – The Provisions on Children's Sports (NIF, Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, 2015) help organise and implement principles for running sport clubs nationally. According to these guidelines, children's psychosocial functioning and equal opportunity to participate and compete have priority. NFF has recently placed great emphasis on the education of grassroots coaches, but the primary focus is often on football-specific technical and tactical skills. This seems troublesome given that young players are met with an increasing performance focus, resulting in low quality of motivation, psychological ill-being, and sport attrition. Hence, there is a need to re-focus education programmes for grassroots coaches. Building upon theoretical approaches to implementation research, the chapter describes and discusses empirical evidence dealing with implementation and evaluation of a coach education initiative among Norwegian grassroots coaches. The aim was to increase coaches’ ability to strengthen the quality of motivation and the psychosocial functioning among young football players. We end the chapter by describing the lessons learned from the implementation phase.

• Moser, Thomas & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2022). Motorikk og kognitiv læring. I Kvikstad, Ingvild (Red.), Motorikk i et didaktisk perspektiv. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205563001. s. 124–147. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aadland, Katrine Nyvoll; Lervåg, Arne; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Aadland, Eivind (2022). Structural validity of the Norwegian version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in children aged 3–6 years. Frontiers in Psychology. 13, s. 1–15. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1024918. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: This study examined the structural validity of the teacher-report Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in Norwegian preschoolers aged 3–6 years. We tested the original five-factor structure, the five-factor structure with two broader second-order factors, and a three-factor structure, all suggested in the literature. Since the positively worded items in SDQ have been shown to introduce noise, we also examined all three structures with a positive construal method factor for these items. Methods: Preschool teachers from 43 preschools completed the SDQ questionnaire for 1,142 children [48% girls, mean age 4.3 (SD 0.9) years]. Confirmatory factor analyses were used to estimate and compare the six models. Measurement invariance was tested across sex (multi-group approach) and age (multiple-indicator multiple-cause approach). Results: The original five-factor structure of SDQ was supported, where the model fit improved when including a method factor for positively worded items. Both models showed scalar invariance across sex and age. The second-order and the three-factor structures were not supported. Conclusion: We recommend using the original five-factor structure when using SDQ for both clinical and research purposes in young children and adding a method factor when using structural equation modeling.

• Ommundsen, Yngvar (2022). Danning i kroppsøving : motorisk læring som kjerne i faget. I Kvikstad, Ingvild (Red.), Motorikk i et didaktisk perspektiv. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205563001. s. 148–178. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugen, Tommy; Peters, Derek Melville; Ommundsen, Yngvar; Martin, Luc J.; Stenling, Andreas & Høigaard, Rune (2021). Psychometric Evaluation of the Norwegian Versions of the Modified Group Environment Questionnaire and the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. ISSN 1091-367X. 25(4), s. 365–378. doi: 10.1080/1091367X.2021.1917414. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study aimed to translate the modified Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ) and the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (YSEQ) into Norwegian, examine the factor structure and reliability of the scales through independent clusters model confirmatory factor analysis (ICM-CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM), and examine differential item functioning (DIF) as a function of sex. Three-hundred-and-thirty-three athletes (M(SD)age = 18.7(2.60) years; 33% females) completed the GEQ. Three-hundred-and-three athletes (M(SD)age = 15.0(1.48) years; 26% females) completed the YSEQ. Results indicated acceptable fit indices for a four-factor, a secondorder two-factor (task and social), and a second order one-factor ESEM model for the GEQ. Crossloadings and high latent factor correlations are issues in need of attention. The study supported the structural validity and reliability of the Norwegian YSEQ, with no major differences between the ICM-CFA and ESEM. No evidence of DIF as a function of sex was identified in either of the scales.

• Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede; Nianogo, Roch A.; Lien, Nanna; Bjelland, Mona; Klepp, Knut Inge & Bergh, Ingunn Holden [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). The impact of hypothetical interventions on adiposity in adolescence. Scientific Reports. 11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90415-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In order to develop effective public health initiatives aimed at promoting healthy weight development, identifying the interventions/combination of interventions with the highest beneficial effect on body weight is vital. The study aimed to estimate the mean BMI at age 13 under hypothetical interventions targeting dietary behavior, physical activity and screen time at age 11. We used data from a school-based cohort study of 530 participants followed between the ages of 11 and 13. We used g-computation, a causal modeling method, to estimate the impact of single and combined hypothetical behavioral interventions at age 11 on BMI at age 13. Of the hypothetical interventions, the one with the largest population mean difference in BMI was the one combining all interventions (dietary behavior, physical activity and screen time interventions) and assuming 100% intervention adherence, with a population mean differences of − 0.28 (95% CI − 0.59, 0.07). Isolated behavioral interventions had a limited impact on BMI. This study demonstrated that a combination of healthy dietary behavior and physical activity promotion, as well as screen time reduction interventions at age 11 could have the highest beneficial effect on the reduction of BMI at age 13, although the change in BMI was small. The findings highlight the importance of a systems approach to obesity prevention focusing on multicomponent interventions.

• Sollie, Ove; Holmsen, Kristian Erik; Steinbo, Christian Kay; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Losnegard, Thomas Johansen (2021). Observational vs coaching feedback on non-dominant whole-body motor skill performance — application to technique training. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. doi: 10.1111/sms.14030. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We studied the effect of peer- and self-observational feedback versus coaching feedback during technique training on performance in competitive adolescent cross-country skiers. Fifty-four skiers (14.3 ± 0.6 years) were divided into a control group and three intervention groups (dyad practice, video, or coaching feedback), which practiced in the asymmetrical uphill sub-technique G2 on one side (non-dominant side), but not the other (dominant side) for 6 × 30 min over a 5 weeks period, on roller skis outdoors. High-speed performance and skiing economy were assessed on a roller ski treadmill before and after the intervention, and a questionnaire was answered post-intervention. The video feedback (p = .025, d = .65) and coaching feedback (p = .007, d = .89) groups improved high-speed performance during the intervention and an ANCOVA showed a tendency for different change scores between interventions (F3,49 = 2.5, p = .068, urn:x-wiley:09057188:media:sms14030:sms14030-math-0001 = .134), with a difference between the coaching feedback and dyad practice (p = .05). No change was seen in skiing economy in any group. Coaching feedback ranked higher on enjoyment compared with dyad practice (p < .001) and led to higher self-perception of improved technique compared with the control group (p = .038). Overall, feedback from a competent coach seems better than observation for improving performance in young athletes, although self-observation through video with attentional cues seems a promising tool for increasing individual feedback when coaching large groups.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Stenling, Andreas; Ommundsen, Yngvar; Wold, Bente; Heuzé, Jean-Philippe & Sarrazin, Philippe [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Initial psychometric testing of the coach-adapted version of the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire: A Bayesian approach. Journal of Sports Sciences. ISSN 0264-0414. 38(6), s. 626–643. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1722575. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The present study examined the psychometric properties of the coach-adapted version of the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ) using Bayesian structural equation modelling (BSEM). The sample included 780 (Mage = 36.4; SD = 10.8; males n = 698; females n = 54; 28 participants did not report sex) youth sport coaches representing five European countries (i.e., England, France, Greece, Norway, and Spain). The results did not support a 34-item five-factor, hierarchical, a two-factor BSEM, or a bifactor BSEM model across the participating countries. However, the results supported a reduced 19-item first-order, two-factor BSEM model that largely showed approximate metric invariance, but not approximate scalar invariance across the five countries. The pool of items constituting empowering and disempowering motivational climates should be refined to further enhance the empirical operationalisation of the coach-adapted version of the EDMCQ. Advancing the quality of translation-back-translation procedures across cultures and conducting multi-national pilot testing seems warranted as well. These recommendations may help to identify the distinctive aspects of each underlying sub-dimension of the EDMCQ, where coaches are the respondents, and pave the way for further examination of the proposed hierarchical multidimensional factor structure and the cross-cultural equivalence of the EDMCQ for this population.

• Aadland, Eivind; Tjomsland, Hege Eikeland; Johannessen, Kjersti; Nilsen, Ada Kristine Ofrim; Resaland, Geir Kåre & Glosvik, Øyvind [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Active Learning Norwegian Preschool(er)s (ACTNOW) – Design of a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of Staff Professional Development to Promote Physical Activity, Motor Skills, and Cognition in Preschoolers [Study protocol]. Frontiers in Psychology. 11. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01382. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: There is a dearth of high-quality evidence on effective, sustainable, and scalable interventions to increase physical activity (PA) and concomitant outcomes in preschoolers. Specifically, there is a need to better understand how the preschool context can be used to increase various types of physically active play to promote holistic child development. The implementation of such interventions requires highly competent preschool staffs, however, the competence in promoting PA is often low. The main aim of the ACTNOW study is therefore to investigate the effects of professional development for preschool staffs on child PA and developmental outcomes. Methods: The study will be conducted in Norway 2019–2022 and is designed as a two-arm (intervention, control) cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) with 7- and 18-months follow-ups. We aim to recruit 60 preschools and 1,200 3- to 5-years-old children to provide sufficient power to detect effect sizes (ESs) between 0.20 and 0.30. The intervention is nested within two levels: the preschool and the child. Central to the ACTNOW intervention are opportunities for children to engage in a variety of “enriched,” meaningful, and enjoyable physically active play that supports the development of the whole child. To this end, the main intervention is a 7-month professional development/education module for preschool staff, aimed to provide them with the necessary capacity to deliver four core PA components to the children (moderate-to-vigorous PA, motor-challenging PA, cognitively engaging play, and physically active learning). We will include a range of child-level outcomes, including PA, physical fitness, adiposity, motor skills, socioemotional health, self-regulation, executive function, and learning. At the preschool level, we will describe implementation and adaptation processes using quantitative and qualitative data. Discussion: Professional development of staff and a whole-child approach that integrates PA with cognitively engaging play and learning activities in the preschool setting may provide a feasible vehicle to enhance both physical and cognitive development in young children. ACTNOW is designed to test this hypothesis to provide a sustainable way to build human capital and provide an early solution to lifelong public health and developmental challenges.

• Gebremariam, Mekdes Kebede; Arah, Onyebuchi A.; Bergh, Ingunn Holden; Andersen, Lene Frost; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Totland, Torunn Holm [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Gender-specific mediators of the association between parental education and adiposity among adolescents: the HEIA study. Scientific Reports. 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43604-w. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Identifying the mechanisms behind socioeconomic inequalities in adiposity among youth is vital for efforts aimed at combating these inequalities. The study explored whether a broad range of behavioral and familial factors mediated the associations between parental education and indicators of adiposity among adolescents. Baseline data from a school-based intervention study conducted in 2007 among 11-year-old adolescents were used. Anthropometric outcomes, physical activity and sedentary time among adolescents were objectively measured. Other behavioral variables and parental waist circumference were self-reported. Mediation analyses were conducted. Among boys, maternal waist circumference (WC), paternal WC and TV viewing mediated 16%, 11.5% and 13% of the association between parental education and adolescent WC. The respective proportions when body fat percentage was used as the outcome variable were 22.5%, 16% and 21%. Among girls, maternal and paternal WC mediated 20% and 14% of the association between parental education and WC. The respective proportions when body fat percentage was used as the outcome variable were 14% and 10%. Other included variables did not play any mediating role. Parental WC was found to be a mediator of socioeconomic differences in adiposity in both genders; underlying mechanisms were however not investigated. Among boys, reducing TV time could contribute to the reduction of social inequalities in adiposity.

• Aadland, Katrine Nyvoll; Ommundsen, Yngvar; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Brønnick, Kolbjørn Selvåg; Moe, Vegard Fusche & Resaland, Geir Kåre [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Effects of the Active Smarter Kids (ASK) Physical Activity Schoolbased Intervention on Executive Functions: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. ISSN 0031-3831. 63(2), s. 214–228. doi: 10.1080/00313831.2017.1336477. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a seven-month curriculum prescribed physical activity (PA) intervention (the Active Smarter Kids [ASK] intervention) on executive functions in 10-year-old Norwegian children. A linear mixed model was used to analyze data from 971–1,123 fifth grade children at 28 intervention schools and 29 control schools. The intervention constituted three PA elements: PA educational lessons, PA breaks, and PA homework, adding 165 minutes of PA to the mandatory 135 minutes of PA and physical education. There was no effect of the intervention on executive functions in the intention-to-treat analyses. Per protocol analyses (n = 776–850) revealed small effects of the intervention on the composite score of executive functions, cognitive flexibility, and motor skills. Cognitively engaging and coordinative demanding activities/games seem viable options to increase executive functions and possibly improve academic performance in children.

• Johansen, Bjørn Tore; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Haugen, Tommy (2018). Referee efficacy in the context of Norwegian soccer referees – A meaningful construct? Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 38, s. 184–191. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.06.013. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: The purpose of this study was two-fold. Firstly, to examine the measurement/factorial validity and invariance of the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale (REFS) among Norwegian soccer referees. Secondly, extending scale validation, we also tested a structural model in which a second-order version of the REFS was modelled to mediate a set of theoretically informed antecedents and outcomes. Design: Cross-sectional. Method: One hundred and eleven Norwegian elite referees and 81 non-elite referees completed an electronic questionnaire measuring expected antecedents and outcomes of perceived self-efficacy in the role as referees. Results: Analyses provided support for the first – and second order versions of the REFS scale as well as for scale invariance. Further, a task goal and experience as referee related positively to referee positive affect, mediated by referee efficacy. Unexpectedly, physical preparation related directly to positive affect, whereas no mediation effects or direct effects for mental preparation and ego goal were observed. Conclusions: Measurement/factorial validity and invariance of the REFS were fully supported. Validity of the scale in mediation model by Guillén and Feltz (2011) was only partly supported.

• Gjesdal, Siv; Haug, Ellen & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2018). A Conditional Process Analysis of the Coach-Created Mastery Climate, Task Goal Orientation, and Competence Satisfaction in Youth Soccer: The Moderating Role of Controlling Coach Behavior. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. ISSN 1041-3200. 31(2), s. 203–217. doi: 10.1080/10413200.2017.1413690. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this study was to investigate controlling coach behavior as a boundary condition for the relationship between a mastery climate, task goal orientation, and competence satisfaction in youth soccer. Latent conditional process modeling was conducted with a sample of 1,119 female and male youth soccer players 10–15 years of age. Results indicated that the interaction between controlling coach behavior and coach-created mastery climate accounted for 4% variance in task goal orientation. Furthermore, the indirect link between coach-created mastery climate and competence, through task goal orientation, was significant at all levels of controlling coach behavior, yet decreased from low (–1 SD; B = .40, 95% confidence interval [CIBC] [.28, .52]), to moderate (M; B = .35, 95% CIBC [.26, .46]), to high levels (+1 SD; B = .31, 95% CIBC [.22, .41]). Findings are interpreted as supporting the idea that controlling coach behavior abates the internalization of mastery values, thereby undermining the relationship between the coach-created mastery climate and players’ competence satisfaction.

• Gjesdal, Siv; Wold, Bente & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2018). Promoting additional activity in youth soccer: a half-longitudinal study on the influence of autonomy-supportive coaching and basic psychological need satisfaction. Journal of Sports Sciences. ISSN 0264-0414. 37(3), s. 268–276. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1495394. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study investigated the relationships between perceptions of coach autonomy support, basic psychological need satisfaction and the frequency at which youth soccer players engage in additional soccer activity outside of team sessions. We employed structural equation modelling to test a two-wave (T1 and T2) half-longitudinal study to see if basic psychological need satisfaction mediated the relationship between coach autonomy support and additional soccer activity across a competitive season. The sample consisted of 527 youth soccer players, aged 10–15 years. Results revealed moderate to strong temporal stability for autonomy, competence, relatedness and frequency of additional soccer activity. Furthermore, no support is offered for mediation as T1 coach autonomy support was not related to any of the three basic needs at T2 when accounting for their T1 levels. However, a positive relationship between T1 autonomy and T2 additional soccer activity emerged. This suggests that those who experience high levels of autonomy in the team setting at the start of the season report an increased frequency of additional activity at the end of the season. Results are discussed in light of the Self-Determination Theory and the Trans-Contextual Model.

• Ommundsen, Yngvar; Solstad, Bård Erlend; Høigaard, Rune & Wold, Bente (2018). Mestrer jeg trenerrollen? : Validitet og reliabilitet i en skala til måling av mestringstro i et utvalg norske breddefotballtrenere. I Haugen, Tommy & Høigaard, Rune (Red.), Trender i idrettspsykologisk forskning i Skandinavia. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202596903. s. 47–72. doi: 10.23865/noasp.39.ch3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Ivarsson, Andreas; Haug, Ellen & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2018). Youth Sport Coaches’ Well-Being Across the Season: The Psychological Costs and Benefits of Giving Empowering and Disempowering Sports Coaching to Athletes. International Sport Coaching Journal. ISSN 2328-918X. doi: 10.1123/iscj.2017-0026. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between giving empowering and disempowering sports coaching to young athletes and coaches’ well-being across the season. The sample comprised 169 Norwegian youth football (i.e., European soccer) coaches with a mean age of 41.99 (SD = 6.32). Moreover, we were interested in examining heterogeneous groups of coaches showing variability in their self-reporting of empowering and disempowering behaviors towards their athletes. Thus, a person-centered approach was used. The latent profile analysis revealed three distinct profiles and the association between these profiles and coaches’ well-being was in line with the outlined hypotheses. Specifically, coaches who gave higher levels of empowering and lower levels of disempowering sports coaching to their athletes at the beginning of the season also reported higher levels of well-being at the end of the season. The results indicate that there exists an intrinsic value as to why coaches should give empowering sports coaching, as opposed to disempowering sports coaching, to their athletes; namely, these actions may be advantageous in terms of improving their own well-being. In practical terms, future coach education may take advantage of these findings by providing coaches another reason for coaching in an empowering manner.

• Aadland, Katrine Nyvoll; Aadland, Eivind; Andersen, John Roger; Lervåg, Arne; Moe, Vegard Fusche & Resaland, Geir Kåre [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Executive Function, Behavioral Self-Regulation, and School Related Well-Being Did Not Mediate the Effect of School-Based Physical Activity on Academic Performance in Numeracy in 10-Year-Old Children : The Active Smarter Kids (ASK) Study. Frontiers in Psychology. 9. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00245. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Inconsistent findings exist for the effect of school-based physical activity interventions on academic performance. The Active Smarter Kids (ASK) study revealed a favorable intervention effect of school-based physical activity on academic performance in numeracy in a subsample of 10-year-old elementary schoolchildren performing poorer at baseline in numeracy. Aiming to explain this finding, we investigated the mediating effects of executive function, behavioral self-regulation, and school related well-being in the relation between the physical activity intervention and child’s performance in numeracy. An ANCOVA model with latent variable structural equation modeling was estimated using data from 360 children (the lower third in academic performance in numeracy at baseline). The model consisted of the three latent factors as mediators; executive function, behavioral self-regulation, and school related well-being. We found no mediating effects of executive function, behavioral self-regulation or school related well-being in the relationship between the ASK intervention and academic performance in numeracy (p >- 0.256). Our results suggest that the effect of the intervention on performance in numeracy in the present sample is not explained by change in executive function, behavioral self-regulation, or school related well-being. We suggest this finding mainly could be explained by the lack of effect of the intervention on the mediators, which might be due to an insufficient dose of physical activity.

• Ommundsen, Yngvar (2018). Motion og bevægelses betydning for elevernes psykosociale sundhed, trivsel og velvære. I Jensen, Jens-Ole; Jørgensen, Henrik Taarsted & Volshøj, Esben (Red.), Motion og bevægelse i skolen. Hans Reitzels Forlag. ISSN 9788741268835. s. 70–96. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gjesdal, Siv; Stenling, Andreas; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2018). A study of coach‐team perceptual distance concerning the coach‐created motivational climate in youth sport. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 29(1), s. 132–143. doi: 10.1111/sms.13306. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this study was to examine whether coach‐team perceptual distance regarding the coach‐created motivational climate related to achievement goal orientations and affective responses. To this end, we used polynomial regression analysis with response surface methodology. The sample consisted of 1359 youth soccer players (57.8% male; Mage = 11.81 years, SD = 1.18), belonging to 87 different teams (Msize = 16.47), and 87 coaches (94.6% male, Mage = 42 years, SD = 5.67). Results showed that team perceptions of a coach‐created mastery climate were positively related to team‐rated task goal orientation and enjoyment, whereas team perceptions of a coach‐created performance climate were positively related to team‐rated ego goal orientation and anxiety, and negatively related to team‐rated enjoyment. These relationships were generally stronger with higher levels of perceptual agreement between the coach and the team. In situations of perceptual disagreement, the most negative effects were seen when the coach held a more favorable perception of the motivational climate compared to the team. The findings highlight the importance of perceptual agreement between the coach and his/her team, contributing to the literature focusing on the effects of the coach‐created motivational climate.

• Solstad, Bård Erlend; Larsen, Torill Marie Bogsnes; Holsen, Ingrid; Ivarsson, Andreas; Ronglan, Lars Tore & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2017). Pre- to post-season differences in empowering and disempowering behaviours among youth football coaches: a sequential mixed-methods study. Sports Coaching Review. ISSN 2164-0629. doi: 10.1080/21640629.2017.1361166. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this study was to investigate differences in selfreported behaviours among youth football (i.e. European soccer) coaches from pre- to post-season, and additionally, their evaluative reactions to participation in the Norwegian arm of the Empowering Coaching™ Training Programme (ECTP). A total of 193 coaches (174 males; 19 females; M = 41.99; SD = 6.32) completed a questionnaire concerning their use of empowering and disempowering behaviours at the beginning and end of the sport season. Moreover, 12 of these coaches (10 males; 2 females; M = 41.67; SD = 5.68) were interviewed at the end of the sport season using semistructured interviews. Whereas coaches’ empowering and disempowering behaviours did not differ from pre- to postseason, post-season interviews showed that participation in the ECTP led coaches to reflect on their coaching practises, facilitating an increased focus on enabling autonomy and involvement for the athletes and more attention paid to the athletes’ feelings of mastery.

• Gjesdal, Siv; Appleton, Paul R. & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2017). Both the “What” and “Why” of Youth Sports Participation Matter; a Conditional Process Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology. 8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00659. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study builds on previous research combining achievement goal orientation from Achievement Goal Theory and motivational regulation from Self-Determination Theory. The aim was to assess the combination of the “what” and “why” of youth sport activity, and how it relates to the need for competence and self-esteem. Achievement goal orientation, specifically task and ego, was employed to represent the “what”, whilst intrinsic and external regulation reflected the “why”. Based on a sample of 496 youth sports participants, structural equation modeling with a bootstrapping procedure was used to examine whether the indirect relationship between achievement goal orientation and self-esteem was conditional to motivational regulation. The results show partial support for the conditional process models. Specifically, task orientation was indirectly linked with self-esteem through competence need, and the relationship was stronger with higher levels of intrinsic regulation for sport. Furthermore, ego orientation was negatively associated with self-esteem through a positive relationship with competence frustration. However, this relationship emerged only for those higher in intrinsic regulation. External regulation did not emerge as a moderator, but presented a positive relationship with competence frustration. Findings are discussed in light of both Achievement Goal Theory and Self-Determination Theory, and underline the importance of considering both the “what” and “why” when attempting to understand motivation in youth sport.

• Gestsdottir, Sunna; Svansdottir, Erla; Sigurdsson, Hedinn; Arnarsson, Arsaell; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Arngrimsson, Sigurbjorn [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Different factors associate with body image in adolescence than in emerging adulthood: A gender comparison in a follow-up study. Health Psychology Report. ISSN 2353-4184. 6(1). doi: 10.5114/hpr.2018.71201. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Body image dissatisfaction has been linked with a range of adverse psychosocial outcomes in both genders and has become an important public health issue. Across all ages, women have reported being more dissatisfied with their bodies than men. The aim of the current study was to examine if fitness and physical activity associate with body image satisfaction differently across gender and age, measured in the same participants. Participants and procedure: Participants were measured initially at age 15 years (N = 385) and again at age 23 years (N = 201). Structural equation modelling was used to examine the association between body image satisfaction, fitness, and physical activity. Covariates included skinfold thickness, body mass index, socioeconomic status, anxiety, and depression. Results: Fitness and physical activity declined during the study period, body mass index increased, but no changes were found in body image satisfaction, depression, anxiety, or skinfold thickness. For women at ages 15 and 23 years, self-reported fitness and depression were found to be related to body image satisfaction, including body mass index at the age of 23 years. For 15-year-old men, skinfold thickness and aerobic fitness related to body image satisfaction, whereas skinfold thickness, depression, body mass index, and self-reported fitness did so at age 23 years. Conclusions: Results suggest that different approaches are needed across gender to improve body image in adolescence whereas more similar ones can be used in emerging adulthood.

• Aadland, Katrine Nyvoll; Moe, Vegard Fusche; Aadland, Eivind; Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred; Resaland, Geir Kåre & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2017). Relationships between physical activity, sedentary time, aerobic fitness, motor skills and executive function and academic performance in children. Mental Health and Physical Activity. ISSN 1755-2966. 12, s. 10–18. doi: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2017.01.001. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: There is evidence for weak positive relationships between physical activity, aerobic fitness, and motor skills to executive functions and academic achievement. Studies assessing their relative importance to executive functions and academic performance are lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine the independent associations for moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time, aerobic fitness, and motor skills with executive functions and academic performance in 10-year-old children. Method: A linear mixed model was used to analyze cross-sectional data from 697 children from 57 schools in Norway. Results: No relationships were observed between moderate to vigorous physical activity and executive functions or academic performance. The time spent sedentary was related to executive functions (standardized regression coefficient (b) 0.17e0.21, p < 0.05) and academic performance in English (b 0.22, p < 0.05) in boys. Aerobic fitness was associated with executive functions (b 0.16e0.21, p < 0.05) and academic performance (b 0.17e0.21, p < 0.05) in boys only. Motor skills were associated with most measures of executive functions in both girls (b 0.16e0.25, p < 0.01) and boys (b 0.13e0.22, p < 0.05) and academic performance in girls (b 0.13e0.16, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The strongest independent associations were observed for motor skills to executive functions. Sex-specific associations were observed for aerobic fitness and motor skills. Thus, comprehensive physical activity targeted to increase both aerobic fitness and motor skills may have the potential to positively affect executive functions and academic performance.

• Aadland, Katrine Nyvoll; Ommundsen, Yngvar; Aadland, Eivind; Brønnick, Kolbjørn Selvåg; Lervåg, Arne & Resaland, Geir Kåre [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Executive functions do not mediate prospective relations between indices of physical activity and academic performance: The Active Smarter Kids (ASK) study. Frontiers in Psychology. 8. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01088. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Changes in cognitive function induced by physical activity have been proposed as a mechanism for the link between physical activity and academic performance. The aim of this study was to investigate if executive function mediated the prospective relations between indices of physical activity and academic performance in a sample of 10-year-old Norwegian children. The study included 1,129 children participating in the Active Smarter Kids (ASK) trial, followed over 7 months. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with a latent variable of executive function (measuring inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) was used in the analyses. Predictors were objectively measured physical activity, time spent sedentary, aerobic fitness, and motor skills. Outcomes were performance on national tests of numeracy, reading, and English (as a second language). Generally, indices of physical activity did not predict executive function and academic performance. A modest mediation effect of executive function was observed for the relation between motor skills and academic performance.

• Westergren, Thomas; Berntsen, Sveinung; Ludvigsen, Mette Spliid; Aagaard, Hanne; Hall, Elisabeth O. C. & Uhrenfeldt, Lisbeth [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Relationships between physical activity level and psychosocial and socioeconomic factors and issues in children and adolescents with asthma: A scoping review protocol. The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. 15(2), s. 269–275. doi: 10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-002945. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The first objective of this scoping review is to identify and map information about instruments used to measure psychosocial and socioeconomic factors associated with level of physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents with asthma that have been reported in quantitative literature, and to report on the construction and validation of these instruments. The second objective is to identify and map psychosocial and socioeconomic issues related to PA level reported in qualitative literature and gaps in the evidence on the relationship between psychosocial and socioeconomic factors and PA level in children and adolescents with asthma. Specifically the review questions are as follows: Which instruments have been used to assess the association between psychosocial and socioeconomic factors and PA level in children and adolescents with asthma in quantitative primary studies, and how has information about the construction, validity and reliability of these instruments been reported? Which psychosocial and socioeconomic issues related to PA level in children and adolescents with asthma have been explored in qualitative primary studies?

• Westergren, Thomas; Berntsen, Sveinung; Ludvigsen, Mette Spliid; Aagaard, Hanne; Hall, Elisabeth O.C. & Ommundsen, Yngvar [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Relationships between physical activity level and psychosocial and socioeconomic factors and issues in children and adolescents with asthma: a scoping review. The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. 15(8), s. 2183–2222. doi: 10.11124/JBISRIR-2016-003308. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic airway disease which may reduce capability for physical activity. In healthy peers, physical activity is influenced by psychosocial and socioeconomic factors. Knowledge about the role of these factors has not been mapped in children and adolescents with asthma. Objective: The main objective of this scoping review was to identify psychosocial and socioeconomic factors associated with physical activity level in children and adolescents with asthma in the literature. The specific objectives were to map the instruments used to measure these factors, report on the construction and validation of these instruments, map psychosocial and socioeconomic issues related to physical activity level reported in qualitative studies, and identify gaps in knowledge about the relationship between psychosocial and socioeconomic factors and physical activity level in children and adolescents with asthma. Inclusion criteria: Types of participants: Children and adolescents with asthma aged six to 18 years. Concept: Psychosocial and socioeconomic factors related to physical activity level and participation. Context: All physical activity contexts. Types of sources: Quantitative and qualitative primary studies in English, with no date limit. Search strategy: The databases searched included nine major databases for health and sports science, and five databases for unpublished studies. After screening and identification of studies, the reference lists of all identified reports were searched, and forward citation searches were conducted using four databases. Extraction of the results: The following data were extracted: (a) relevant study characteristics and assessment of physical activity level, (b) instruments used to assess psychosocial and socioeconomic factors, (c) association between physical activity level and these factors, (d) construction and validation of instruments, and (e) psychosocial and socioeconomic issues related to physical activity participation. Presentation of the results: Twenty-one quantitative and 13 qualitative studies were included. In cross-sectional studies, enjoyment, physical self-concept, self-efficacy, attitudes and beliefs about physical activity and health, psychological distress, healthrelated quality of life, and social support were more often reported as being correlated with physical activity level. In three studies, the construct validity was assessed by factor analysis and construct reliability tests for the study population. Qualitative studies reported 10 issues related to physical activity participation, and capability and being like peers were most commonly reported. There was no direct evidence that qualitative research informed the development or adjustment of instruments in quantitative studies. Conclusions: Seven psychosocial factors correlated with physical activity level; capability and being like peers were the most commonly reported issues. Reports of the construction and validation of instruments were sparse.

• Ommundsen, Yngvar (2016). Danning i kroppsøving: Motorisk læring som kjerne i faget. I Kvikstad, Ingvild (Red.), Motorikk i et didaktisk perspektiv. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205491786. s. 139–166. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Moser, Thomas & Ommundsen, Yngvar (2016). Motorikk og kognitiv læring. I Kvikstad, Ingvild (Red.), Motorikk i et didaktisk perspektiv. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205491786. s. 116–138. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Resaland, Geir Kåre; Aadland, Eivind; Moe, Vegard Fusche; Aadland, Katrine Nyvoll; Skrede, Turid & Stavnsbo, Mette [Vis alle 20 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Effects of physical activity on schoolchildren's academic performance: The Active Smarter Kids (ASK) cluster-randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine. ISSN 0091-7435. 91, s. 322–328. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.09.005. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective: To investigate the effect of a seven-month, school-based cluster-randomized controlled trial on academic performance in 10-year-old children. Methods: In total, 1129 fifth-grade children from 57 elementary schools in Sogn og Fjordane County, Norway, were cluster-randomized by school either to the intervention group or to the control group. The children in the 28 intervention schools participated in a physical activity intervention between November 2014 and June 2015 consisting of three components: 1) 90 min/week of physically active educational lessons mainly carried out in the school playground; 2) 5 min/day of physical activity breaks during classroom lessons; 3) 10 min/day physical activity homework. Academic performance in numeracy, reading and English was measured using standardized Norwegian national tests. Physical activity was measured objectively by accelerometry. Results: We found no effect of the intervention on academic performance in primary analyses (standardized difference 0.01–0.06, p > 0.358). Subgroup analyses, however, revealed a favorable intervention effect for those who performed the poorest at baseline (lowest tertile) for numeracy (p = 0.005 for the subgroup ∗ group interaction), compared to controls (standardized difference 0.62, 95% CI 0.19–1.07). Conclusions: This large, rigorously conducted cluster RCT in 10-year-old children supports the notion that there is still inadequate evidence to conclude that increased physical activity in school enhances academic achievement in all children. Still, combining physical activity and learning seems a viable model to stimulate learning in those academically weakest schoolchildren.

• Richardsen, Kåre Rønn; Falk, Ragnhild Sørum; Jenum, Anne Karen; Mørkrid, Kjersti; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm & Ommundsen, Yngvar [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Predicting who fails to meet the physical activity guideline in pregnancy: a prospective study of objectively recorded physical activity in a population-based multi-ethnic cohort. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 16. doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-0985-x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: A low physical activity (PA) level in pregnancy is associated with several adverse health outcomes. Early identification of pregnant women at risk of physical inactivity could inform strategies to promote PA, but no studies so far have presented attempts to develop prognostic models for low PA in pregnancy. Based on moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) objectively recorded in mid/late pregnancy, our objectives were to describe MVPA levels and compliance with the PA guideline (≥150 MVPA minutes/week), and to develop a prognostic model for non-compliance with the PA guideline. Methods: From a multi-ethnic population-based cohort, we analysed data from 555 women with MVPA recorded in gestational week (GW) 28 with the monitor SenseWear™ Pro3 Armband. Predictor variables were collected in early pregnancy (GW 15). We organized the predictors within the domains health, culture, socioeconomic position, pregnancy, lifestyle, psychosocial factors, perceived preventive effect of PA and physical neighbourhood. The development of the prognostic model followed several steps, including univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: Overall, 25 % complied with the PA guideline, but the proportion was lower in South Asians (14 %) and Middle Easterners (16 %) compared with Westerners (35 %). Among South Asians and Middle Easterners, 35 and 28 %, respectively, did not accumulate any MVPA minutes/week compared with 18 % among Westerners. The predictors retained in the prognostic model for PA guideline non-compliance were ethnic minority background, multiparity, high body fat percentage, and perception of few physically active friends. The prognostic model provided fair discrimination between women who did vs. did not comply with the PA guideline. Conclusion: Overall, the proportion who complied with the PA guideline in GW 28 was low, and women with ethnic minority background, multiparity, high body fat percentage and few physically active friends had increased probability of non-compliance. The prognostic model showed fair performance in discriminating between women who did comply and those who did not comply with the PA guideline.

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Vabø, Kristoffer Buene; Aadland, Eivind; Haugland, Elisabeth Straume; Johannessen, Kjersti; Tjomsland, Hege Eikeland & Glosvik, Øyvind [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Kompetanseutvikling for mer fysisk aktivitet i barnehagen: ACTNOW-studien. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2025.2460886. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Bakgrunn: Fysisk aktivitet er viktig for å fremme barns helse og utvikling, men det er økende bekymring knyttet til lavt fysisk aktivitetsnivå hos barnehagebarn. Samtidig er gevinsten av fysisk aktivitet på kognisjon og akademiske ferdigheter uklar i denne aldersgruppen. Tidligere tiltak med fysisk aktivitet i barnehagen har hatt liten eller ingen effekt når personalet i barnehagen er ansvarlige for gjennomføringen. Dette kan skyldes manglende kompetanse, opplæring og støtte. Mål: The Active Learning Norwegian Preschool(er)s (ACTNOW) studien ønsket å undersøke effekten av et kompetanseutviklingstiltak for å integrere mer fysisk aktivitet med høyere kvalitet i barnehagehverdagen på blant annet barns fysiske aktivitet, kognisjon og akademiske ferdigheter. En slik potensielt bærekraftig modell for kompetanseutvikling kan fremme fysisk aktivitet i samfunnet, bedre barns helse og utvikling, samt bidra til å redusere sosial ulikhet i helse gjennom tidlig innsats. Metode: Studien var randomisert kontrollert og inkluderte 816 barn (3 og 4 år) fra 46 barnehager (klyngerandomisert til intervensjon eller kontrollbarnehage). Tiltaket ble gjennomført på to nivå; 1) Barnehagenivået: der barnehageansatte (n=77) fra tiltaksbarnehagene (n=23) deltok i kompetanseutviklingstiltaket over 7 måneder og gjennomførte et utviklingsarbeid om fysisk aktivitet i egen barnehage over totalt 18 måneder, og 2) Barnenivået: der barna fikk muligheter til å delta i ulike typer fysisk aktivitet med fokus på intensitet, motoriske utfordringer, kognitivt engasjerende leker og fysisk aktiv læring. Fysisk aktivitet, selvregulering, eksekutiv funksjon, vokabular og matematiske ferdigheter ble målt etter 7 og 18 måneder. Resultater: Vi fant små kortsiktige positive effekter på fysisk aktivitet i barnehagetiden, men ingen effekter på selvregulering, eksekutiv funksjon eller akademiske ferdigheter. Vi fant større effekter på fysisk aktivitet og små effekter på akademiske ferdigheter hos barn i barnehager som rapporterte om større grad av vellykket integrering av intervensjonen enn øvrige barnehager. Implikasjoner for forebygging og helsefremmende arbeid: Kompetanseutvikling for fysisk aktivitet i barnehagen kan fremme barns fysiske aktivitet, helse og utvikling, men begrenset tid og kapasitet kan gjøre det krevende for de ansatte å endre praksis.

• Vabø, Kristoffer Buene; Aadland, Katrine Nyvoll; Aadland, Eivind; Haugland, Elisabeth Straume; Johannessen, Kjersti & Tjomsland, Hege Eikeland [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Effekten av et kompetanseutviklingstiltak for tilrettelegging av fysisk aktivitet på kognisjon og læring hos 3 og 4 åringer: Active Learning Norwegian Preschool(er)s (ACTNOW). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ommundsen, Yngvar (2022). Slik kan idrettstrenere og kroppsøvingslærere lykkes. lokalavisen fedrelandsvennen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mathisen, Therese Fostervold; Andersen, Yngvar; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Gaarder, Jorun (2020). Metoden som gir varig treningsmotivasjon. [Journal]. Dagbladet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aadland, Katrine Nyvoll; Aadland, Eivind; Tjomsland, Hege Eikeland; Johannessen, Kjersti; Nilsen, Ada Kristine Ofrim & Resaland, Geir Kåre [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Visste du at barnehagelærarar i Sogn og Fjordane utviklar modellar for fysisk aktivitet i barnehagen? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ommundsen, Yngvar & Haugen, Tommy (2018). Hva påvirker barn, ungdom og voksnes fysiske aktivitet? I Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde; Berntsen, Sveinung & Anderssen, Sigmund Alfred (Red.), Fysisk aktivitet og helse: Fra begrepsforståelse til implementering av kunnskap. Cappelen Damm Akademisk. ISSN 9788202568313. s. 321–349. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Aadland, Katrine Nyvoll; Aadland, Eivind; Andersen, John Roger; Lervåg, Arne; Moe, Vegard Fusche & Resaland, Geir Kåre [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Did executive function, behavioral self-regulation, and school related well-being mediate the effect of school-based physical activity on academic performance in numeracy in ten-year-old children? The Active Smarter Kids (ASK) study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Richardsen, Kåre Rønn; Berntsen, Sveinung; Ommundsen, Yngvar; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm; Shakeel, Nilam & Jenum, Anne Karen (2016). Associations between psychosocial factors and physical activity during pregnancy across different ethnic groups. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ommundsen, Yngvar (2016). Er ungdomstreneren på galt eller riktig spor? I Wallinus-Rinne, Antero (Red.), Ungdomstreneren. Akilles forlag. ISSN 9788272862571. s. 47–83. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Westergren, Thomas; Berntsen, Sveinung; Ommundsen, Yngvar; Ludvigsen, Mette Spliid; Aagaard, Hanne & Hall, Elisabeth O.C. [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Advancing nursing science through multidisciplinary collaboration: experiences from the field of physical activity in children with asthma. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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