Hannah Margaret Rice

• Amaro, Catarina M.; Rice, Hannah; Castro, Maria António; Mendes, Rui & Gomes, Beatriz B. (2026). A Proof-of-Concept Framework for Upper-Limb Segment Definition and Joint Angle Computation Using Marker-Based Motion Capture. Sensors. 26(16). doi: 10.3390/s26165047. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Marker-based motion capture systems are widely used to estimate joint kinematics, yet their accuracy depends strongly on how anatomical segments and coordinate systems are defined. This proof-of-concept study aimed to describe and technically evaluate a structured and reproducible framework for upper-limb segment definition and joint-angle computation. Reflective markers were placed on anatomical landmarks of the trunk and upper limbs, and joint angles were computed using custom-developed MATLAB R2022b (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) routines. Baseline-corrected model-derived joint angles were compared with composite reference measurements obtained using a universal manual goniometer and a twin-axis biosignalsplux goniometer under predefined static conditions in two adult participants. Side-specific mean absolute error values ranged from 0.80° to 5.24°, while root mean square error values ranged from 0.86° to 5.24°. The largest discrepancies were observed during maximum wrist extension and left maximum radial deviation. The evaluated static observations showed close correspondence in several joint positions, although larger discrepancies occurred in selected end-range wrist positions. Given the limited sample, single recordings, and controlled static conditions, these findings should be interpreted as an initial demonstration of technical feasibility rather than evidence of generalisable validity or repeatability. The explicit framework provides a basis for further evaluation using larger samples, repeated marker applications, repeated trials, and dynamic multi-planar upper-limb tasks.

• Han, Sanghyuk; Ellison, Matthew; Javadi, Akbar; Farris, Dominic J. & Rice, Hannah (2026). A comparison of modeling approaches when estimating tibial loading during running with different foot strike patterns. PeerJ. 14. doi: 10.7717/peerj.21328. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Norder, Thomas; Mai, Patrick; Gruettner, Maximilian; Healey, Laura & Rice, Hannah (2026). How Does Manipulation of Advanced Running Shoe Midsole Compliance Influence Frontal Plane Kinematics and Kinetics? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 36(7). doi: 10.1111/sms.70331. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Amaro, Catarina M.; Mendes, Rui; Castro, Maria António; Rice, Hannah & Gomes, Beatriz B. (2026). Phase-specific force–time adaptations in basketball jump shots under environmental constraints. International journal of sports science & coaching. ISSN 1747-9541. doi: 10.1177/17479541261451122. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Amaro, Catarina M.; Castro, Maria António; Mendes, Rui; Rice, Hannah & Gomes, Beatriz B. (2025). Influence of Jump and Ball Release Parameters on Shooting Accuracy in Basketball Under Varying Constraints. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 10(4). doi: 10.3390/jfmk10040459. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: This study investigates how both jump-related (jump height and flight time) and ball-related parameters (release height, release angle, and velocity) influence shooting accuracy in basketball under different contextual constraints. Methods: Eighteen senior players competing in the national championship (11 females and 7 males; 22.0 ± 3.7 years) performed 90 shots each across three positions (left 45°, middle 90°, right 45°) and three shooting conditions (baseline, simulated gym audience noise, and simulated opposition). Jump variables were derived from force platforms, while ball kinematics were extracted using a high-speed Qualisys camera system. Results: A three-way ANOVA revealed no systematic effects of position or opposition, and only a small effect of noise on flight time (p = 0.019), which was not confirmed by the Linear Mixed Model. Comparisons between successful and missed shots indicated significantly higher flight time, jump height, and release height, and a tendency for higher release velocity in successful attempts, with no differences in release angle. Spearman correlation showed weak associations between biomechanical variables and shooting accuracy (R2 = 0.005–0.012). Conclusions: These findings suggest that while adaptive biomechanical changes occur under contextual constraints, their isolated impact on shot success is limited. Successful performance appears to rely more strongly on release-related parameters, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach to training that integrates technical, perceptual, and psychological dimensions.

• Han, Sanghyuk; Park, Jongchul; Lee, Jusung; Ellison, Matthew; Farris, Dominic & Rice, Hannah (2025). Footwear has a modifying effect on tibial loading during military weight carriage. Scientific Reports. 15. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-11202-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Abstract This study investigated how different footwear conditions influence tibial loading across incremental load carriage during walking. Ten military-trained male participants completed walking trials under three weight conditions (0, 15, and 30 kg) and three footwear conditions (barefoot, trainers, and military boots) at 1.67 m/s. Kinematic (120 Hz) and kinetic (1200 Hz) data were collected using motion capture and force plates. Tibial loading was estimated via musculoskeletal modeling and beam theory, focusing on peak tibial bending moments and cumulative-weighted tibial impulse. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA ( $$p < 0.05$$ ) examined main effects and interactions of load and footwear. Post hoc pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni corrections ( $$p_{\text {corr}} < 0.05$$ ) identified significant differences. A significant interaction effect was observed for peak tibial bending moments and cumulative-weighted tibial impulse per kilometer ( $$p < 0.05$$ ). In trainers, tibial loading increased progressively across all loads (0 kg < 15 kg < 30 kg, all $$p_{\text {corr}} < 0.05$$ ). In military boots, loading increased from 0 to 15 kg ( $$p_{\text {corr}} < 0.05$$ ) but not between 15 and 30 kg. Weight carriage increased tibial loading, but footwear modified this relationship. Military boots showed no significant change between 15 and 30 kg. These findings suggest implications for tibial stress injury, though further research is needed.

• Risvang, Linn Christin; Dijk, Jan Willem van; Baumgart, Julia Kathrin; Rice, Hannah; Liljegren, Anja M.F. & Strøm, Vegard [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). High prevalence of low bone mineral density in wheelchair users regardless of sports participation: a cross-sectional analysis of the bonewheel study. European Journal of Applied Physiology. ISSN 1439-6319. s. 1–14. doi: 10.1007/s00421-025-06109-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose Wheelchair users are at increased risk of low bone mineral density (BMD). While BMD varies by sport among Paralympic athletes, it remains unclear whether sports participation protects against low BMD in the impaired population. This study compared BMD at several skeletal sites between sports-active and non-sports-active wheelchair users. Methods This study presents cross-sectional analyses of adult (18–60 years) wheelchair users with non-progressive impairments recruited for a subsequent multi-site intervention study. BMD and body composition were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Low BMD was defined as Z-score <–1.0. Multiple linear regression models assessed differences between sports-active (≥ 1 year organised; ≥3 training hours per week) and non-sports-active participants, and associations with impairment and exercise characteristics, and body composition. Results Sixty-three wheelchair users (age 37 ± 11 years; 41% female; 48% sports-active; 49% with acquired impairments) were included. Low BMD was prevalent in 33%, 81% and 77% at the spine, hip and femoral neck, respectively. Low BMD at the hip was less prevalent in sports-active compared to non-sports-active (p = 0.013), without differences in any BMD Z-score models (all p > 0.05). Acquired impairments was positively associated with lumbar spine BMD (p = 0.034), while full-time wheelchair use was negatively associated with femoral neck BMD (p = 0.036). Impairments and SCIM scores were associated with hip BMD (both p < 0.05). Conclusion Notably high prevalences of low BMD was found in this study, particularly at the hip and regardless of sports participation. Impairments and ambulatory ability appear the most influential on BMD. Targeted exercise interventions for bone health are warranted in this population.

• Frankston, Naomi; Ellison, Matthew; Riise, Jonatan Narvestad; Seynnes, Olivier R.; Farris, Dominic & Rice, Hannah (2025). Second Metatarsal Bone Stress During Running Is Independently Influenced by Running Speed and Load Carriage. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 35(10). doi: 10.1111/sms.70152. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Bone stress injuries occur in populations who engage in repetitive loading, such as distance runners and military recruits. The second metatarsal is a common bone stress injury site. Running speed and load carriage are modifiable factors which may influence metatarsal loading. The aim of this study was to determine how running at preferred, 90% of preferred, and 110% of preferred speed, with and without a weight vest carrying 10% body mass, influences second metatarsal bone stress. Data were collected from 28 runners (14 female, 14 male) during barefoot running using motion capture cameras, a pressure plate, and a force plate. Bone stress was calculated at the dorsal and plantar surfaces of the midshaft of the second metatarsal using a two‐dimensional beam theory model. No interaction effect was found between running speed and load carriage. Running at 90% of preferred speed decreased peak dorsal and plantar stress by 2.1% and 2.3%, respectively, compared to preferred speed, while running at 110% of preferred speed increased peak dorsal and plantar stress by 4.2%. Running with 110% of body mass increased peak dorsal and plantar metatarsal stress by 3.1% and 2.9%, respectively, compared to running with no additional mass. The mean coefficient of variation across all conditions was 25%, indicating variation in peak stress between participants. Running at faster speeds and with additional loads may increase the risk of second metatarsal bone stress injury. The high variation in peak bone stress between participants demonstrates the importance of considering the individual when assessing injury risk.

• Wisdish, Samuel J.; Rice, Hannah & Farris, Dominic J. (2025). Torque–angle relationships of human toe flexor muscles highlight their capacity for propulsion in gait. Journal of Experimental Biology. ISSN 0022-0949. 228(1). doi: 10.1242/jeb.249816. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Human proficiency for bipedal locomotion relies on the structure and function of our feet, including the interplay between active muscles and passive structures acting on the toes during the propulsive phase of gait. However, our understanding of the relative contributions of these different structures remains incomplete. We aimed to determine the distinct toe-flexion torque–angle relationships of the plantar intrinsic muscles (PIMs), extrinsic muscles and passive structures, therefore offering insight into their force-generating capabilities and importance for walking and running. Torque–angle data were twice collected from nine healthy individuals (6 males, 3 females; 28±5 years) using supramaximal transcutaneous electrical stimuli applied at two tibial nerve sites to distinguish between muscle-driven and passive toe-flexion torque about the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. Innervating extrinsic muscles and PIMs concurrently produced peak torques (hallux=3.05±0.70 N m, MTP angle=48.0±13.6 deg; lesser digits=3.19±0.98 N m, MTP angle=42.6±13.4 deg) exceeding by 208% (hallux) and 150% (lesser digits), respectively, those from PIM stimulation alone. Notably, MTP joint angles pertinent to gait corresponded to the ascending limb of the active torque–angle relationship, with active muscle joint torques being the dominant contributor over passive torques. The latter finding suggests that human toe flexors are well adapted to generate the MTP joint torques that are necessary for walking and running. This further supports the notion that muscles acting within the foot play an important role in the foot's mechanical function and our ability to walk and run in an upright posture.

• Altun, Abdulaziz; Dixon, Sharon; Nunns, Michael & Rice, Hannah (2025). How do neuromuscular characteristics of the peroneal muscles differ in adults with and without chronic ankle instability? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Gait & Posture. ISSN 0966-6362. 117, s. 352–362. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2025.01.019. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Chronic ankle instability (CAI) has been associated with neuromuscular control dysfunction, particularly of the peroneal musculature. Research question How do neuromuscular characteristics of the peroneal muscles, including corticospinal excitability, strength, proprioception (force sense) and electromyographic measures differ in individuals with CAI compared to healthy control counterparts aged 18–45? Methods A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted by retrieving relevant articles from electronic databases including EBSCOhost (CINAHL Complete, AMED, SPORTDiscus), Ovid (MEDLINE, Embase), Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Library as well as Grey literature sources. The eligibility and methodological quality of the included case-control and cross-sectional studies were assessed by two reviewers. The random effects model and the standard mean difference with a 95 % confidence interval were utilised to calculate pooled estimates of the overall effect size. Results Of the total 13,670 studies retrieved, 42 were included in the systematic review. Of these, 25 were eligible for the meta-analyses. Two of the meta-analyses, each consisting of two studies, showed less evertor force sense accuracy at 10 % (d=0.50, p = 0.03) and 20 % of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (d=1.14, p < 0.00001) in individuals with CAI than the control group. In addition, another meta-analysis of two studies showed that the CAI population had longer peroneus longus latency (d=1.69, p < 0.0001) than the control group during single-leg landing inversion perturbation test under unexpected conditions. Significance Individuals with CAI showed specific sensorimotor impairments in evertor force sense accuracy and peroneus longus latency, which may indicate that neuromuscular dysfunction of the peroneal muscles is associated with the underlying mechanisms of the CAI pathogenesis. However, the meta-analyses are limited by the inclusion of only two studies with small sample sizes. Therefore, these findings should be cautiously interpreted, and further research is required to validate them.

• Han, Sanghyuk; Moon, Jeheon; Lee, Jusung; Han, Sooji; Sterzing, Thorsten & Farris, Dominic [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Influence of Manipulating Running Foot Strike Angle on Internal Loading of the Tibia. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 35(5). doi: 10.1111/sms.70066. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Paulsen, Gøran; Lindberg, Kolbjørn Andreas; Eriksrud, Ola; Solberg, Paul Andre; Bjørnsen, Thomas & Seynnes, Olivier R. [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Is the Classification of Athletes Based on Force-Velocity Profiling from Countermovement Jumps Influenced by the Choice of Method? Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 57(9), s. 1968–1978. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003732. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose Force–velocity (FV) profiling is a tool for classifying athletes as force- or velocity-deficient, allowing for tailored training prescriptions. However, profiling classification may vary depending on the measurement method used. This study compared FV profile variables derived from countermovement jumps (CMJs) using four approaches: the Flight-time method, a Kinetic method, and two kinematic methods. Methods Sixteen National-level female handball players completed CMJs with 0, 20, 40, 50, and 70 kg of additional mass. All jumps were recorded by a force plate and 3D motion capture system. For each jump, jump height, height of push-off (HPO), average force, and average velocity were estimated, and FV profiles were derived using each of the four methods. The two kinematic methods represented displacement of the center of mass of 1) the body and 2) the whole system (i.e., body + additional mass). A pre-measured HPO (Flight-time method) overestimated the HPO derived from kinetic and kinematic methods at low values and underestimated it at high values. Results The Flight-time method underestimated average force by 7% compared to the Kinetic method and overestimated it by 1–3% compared to the kinematic methods. Average velocity during push-off was lower when derived from the Flight-time method than all other methods, particularly at the highest velocities (~20%). The resultant FV profiles (slopes) differed systematically by 30–39% between methods, such that >80% of participants were classified differently (i.e., force-deficient, velocity-deficient, or balanced) depending on the method applied. Conclusions We question the practical use of the FV profiles based on the Flight-time method, as it could result in the misclassification of athletes.

• Rice, Hannah; Mai, Patrick; Sanno, Maximilian & Willwacher, Steffen (2024). Tibial loading and damage accumulation in recreational and competitive male runners during a demanding 10 km run. European Journal of Sport Science (EJSS). ISSN 1746-1391. 24(1), s. 79–87. doi: 10.1002/ejsc.12040. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Tibial stress injuries are problematic among runners. The loading magnitude is the most important mechanical contributor to bone damage accumulation, but loading quantity is also important, and faster runners require fewer loading cycles to complete a given distance than slower runners. This study estimated tibial loading and damage accumulation throughout a demanding 10-km run in recreational (RR) and competitive runners (CR). Male runners reporting a 10-km season-best run slower than 47:30 min (RR) or faster than 37:30 min (CR) completed a 10-km treadmill running protocol at 105% of their season's best time. Tibial loading was estimated from bending moments at the distal 1/3rd of the tibia by ensuring static equilibrium at each 1% of stance. Peak loading was obtained, and cumulative damage per kilometer was estimated using a tissue-dependent weighting factor. Peak tibial loading and damage accumulation per kilometer significantly decreased throughout the run, by 5% and 4%, respectively. Peak loading was significantly higher (31%) in CR than RR, and there was an indication (p = 0.058 and large effect size) of a greater rate of damage accumulation in CR than RR. Tibial loading per step and the rate of accumulation per kilometer decreased throughout a demanding 10-km run suggesting that changes in running mechanics as a result of prolonged running may not be a primary mechanism for stress injury development. Competitive runners experience greater peak tibial loading and possibly greater cumulative tibial damage when they complete 10 km faster than recreational runners.

• Riga, Alessandro; Profico, Antonio; Mori, Tommaso; Frittitta, Riccardo; Nava, Alessia & Mancini, Lucia [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). The Middle Pleistocene human metatarsal from Sedia del Diavolo (Rome, Italy). Scientific Reports. 14. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55045-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The peopling of Europe during the Middle Pleistocene is a debated topic among paleoanthropologists. Some authors suggest the coexistence of multiple human lineages in this period, while others propose a single evolving lineage from Homo heidelbergensis to Homo neanderthalensis. The recent reassessment of the stratigraphy at the Sedia del Diavolo (SdD) site (Latium, Italy), now dated to the beginning of marine isotope stage (MIS) 8, calls for a revision of the human fossils from the site. In this paper, we present the morphometric, biomechanical and palaeopathological study of the second right metatarsal SdD2, to both re-evaluate its taxonomical affinities and possibly determine the levels of physical activity experienced by the individual during lifetime. Results demonstrate the persistence of archaic features in SdD2 suggesting new insights into the technology and hunting strategies adopted by Homo between MIS 9 and MIS 8.

• Werkhausen, Amelie; Lund-Hansen, Magne; Wiedenbruch, Lucas; Peikenkamp, Klaus & Rice, Hannah (2024). Technologically advanced running shoes reduce oxygen cost and cumulative tibial loading per kilometer in recreational female and male runners. Scientific Reports. 14. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-62263-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Technologically advanced running shoes (TARS) improve performance compared to classical running shoes (CRS). Improved race performance has been attributed to metabolic savings in male runners, but it remains unclear if these same benefits are experienced among females and in recreational runners. The mechanisms behind these benefits are still not fully understood despite the need for optimisation, and their influence on injury mechanisms has not been explored. Here we combined biomechanical, physiological, and modelling approaches to analyse joint mechanics, oxygen uptake, and tibial load in nineteen male and female recreational runners running with CRS and TARS at their individual lactate threshold speed (12.4 ± 1.9 km/h). Oxygen uptake was 3.0 ± 1.5% lower in TARS than in CRS. Ankle dorsiflexion, joint moment and joint power were reduced in TARS compared to CRS at various phases of stance including midstance, while knee joint mechanics were mostly similar throughout. There were no significant differences for tibial bending moment during the stance phase but cumulative tibial damage per kilometre was 12 ± 9% lower in TARS compared to CRS. Our results suggest that running with TARS reduces oxygen cost in recreational female and male runners, which may partly be explained by differences in lower limb joint mechanics. The lower cumulative tibial bone load with TARS may allow runners to run longer distances in this type of shoe compared to CRS.

• Rice, Hannah; Starbuck, Chelsea; Willer, Jasmin; Allen, Sam; Bramah, Christopher & Jones, Richard [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Does high-intensity running to fatigue influence lower limb injury risk? Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. ISSN 1440-2440. 28(1), s. 33–38. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.08.205. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: The aim of this study was to quantify changes in peak bending moments at the distal tibia, peak patellofemoral joint contact forces and peak Achilles tendon forces during a high-intensity run to fatigue at middle-distance speed. Design: Observational study. Methods: 16 high-level runners (7 female) ran on a treadmill at the final speed achieved during a preceding maximum oxygen uptake test until failure (~ 3 min). Three-dimensional kinetics and kinematics were used to derive and compare tibial bending moments, patellofemoral joint contact forces and Achilles tendon forces at the start, 33 %, 67 % and the end of the run. Results: Average running speed was 5.7 (0.4) m·s−1. There was a decrease in peak tibial bending moments (− 6.8 %, p = 0.004) from the start to the end of the run, driven by a decrease in peak bending moments due to muscular forces (− 6.5 %, p = 0.001), whilst there was no difference in peak bending moments due to joint reaction forces. There was an increase in peak patellofemoral joint forces (+ 8.9 %, p = 0.026) from the start to the end of the run, but a decrease in peak Achilles tendon forces (− 9.1 %, p ＜ 0.001). Conclusions: Running at a fixed, high-intensity speed to failure led to reduced tibial bending moments and Achilles tendon forces, and increased patellofemoral joint forces. Thus, the altered neuromechanics of high-intensity running to fatigue may increase patellofemoral joint injury risk, but may not be a mechanism for tibial or Achilles tendon overuse injury development.

• Lundervold, Anders; Ellison, Matthew; Madsen, Klavs; Werkhausen, Amelie & Rice, Hannah (2024). Altered trunk-pelvis kinematics during load carriage with a compliant versus a rigid system. Ergonomics. ISSN 0014-0139. doi: 10.1080/00140139.2024.2390125. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Load carriage is a key component of hiking and military activity. The design of the load carriage system (LCS) could influence performance and injury risk. This study aimed to compare a traditional and a compliant LCS during walking and a step-up task to quantify differences in oxygen consumption and trunk-pelvis kinematics. Fourteen participants completed the tasks whilst carrying 16 kg in a rigid and a compliant LCS. There were no differences in oxygen consumption between conditions during either task (p > 0.05). There was significantly greater trunk-pelvis axial rotation (p = 0.041) and lateral flexion (p = 0.001) range of motion when carrying the compliant LCS during walking, and significantly greater trunk-pelvis lateral flexion range of motion during the step-up task (p = 0.003). Carrying 16 kg in a compliant load carriage system results in greater lateral flexion range of motion than a traditional, rigid system, without influencing oxygen uptake.

• Eythorsdottir, Ingrid Eir Thorp; Gløersen, Øyvind; Rice, Hannah; Werkhausen, Amelie; Ettema, Gertjan & Mentzoni, Fredrik [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). The Battle of the Equations: A Systematic Review of Jump Height Calculations Using Force Platforms. Sports Medicine. ISSN 0112-1642. 54(11), s. 2771–2791. doi: 10.1007/s40279-024-02098-x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Vertical jump height measures our ability to oppose gravity and lower body neuromuscular function in athletes and various clinical populations. Vertical jump tests are principally simple, time-efficient, and extensively used for assessing athletes and generally in sport science research. Using the force platform for jump height estimates is increasingly popular owing to technological advancements and its relative ease of use in diverse settings. However, ground reaction force data can be analyzed in multiple ways to estimate jump height, leading to distinct outcome values from the same jump. In the literature, four equations have been commonly described for estimating jump height using the force platform, where jump height can vary by up to ∼ 15 cm when these equations are used on the same jump. There are advantages and disadvantages to each of the equations according to the intended use. Considerations of (i) the jump type, (ii) the reason for testing, and (iii) the definition of jump height should ideally determine which equation to apply. The different jump height equations can lead to confusion and inappropriate comparisons of jump heights. Considering the popularity of reporting jump height results, both in the literature and in practice, there is a significant need to understand how the different mathematical approaches influence jump height. This review aims to investigate how different equations affect the assessment of jump height using force platforms across various jump types, such as countermovement jumps, squat jumps, drop jumps, and loaded jumps.

• Altun, Abdulaziz; Dixon, Sharon & Rice, Hannah (2024). Task-specific differences in lower limb biomechanics during dynamic movements in individuals with chronic ankle instability compared with controls. Gait & Posture. ISSN 0966-6362. 113, s. 265–271. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.07.004. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) has been associated with lower limb deficits that can lead to altered biomechanics during dynamic tasks. There have been contradictory findings in terms of ankle and hip joint biomechanics to date, influenced by the variety of movement tasks and varying definitions of the CAI condition. Research Question: How do biomechanical variables of the lower extremity differ during walking, running, and jump-landing in individuals with CAI compared with those without CAI? Methods: Thirty-two individuals (17 CAI and 15 controls) participated in this retrospective case-control study. Sagittal and frontal plane ankle and hip joint angles and moments, and mediolateral foot balance (MLFB) were calculated during the tasks. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was used for the whole trajectory analysis to detect group differences. Discrete variables, including initial contact (IC) and peak angles and moments, were additionally compared. Results: No differences were found between groups during walking. During running, the CAI group exhibited a lower plantar flexor moment (p ＜ 0.001) and more laterally deviated MLFB (p = 0.014) during mid-stance when compared to controls. Additionally, participants with CAI had a significantly greater peak plantar flexion angle in early stance (p = 0.022) and a reduced peak plantar flexor moment (p = 0.002). In the jump-landing, the CAI group demonstrated an increased hip extensor moment (p = 0.008), and a greater peak hip adduction angle (p = 0.039) shortly after ground contact compared to the control group. Significance: Differences in ankle and hip biomechanics were observed between groups during running and jump landing, but not during walking. These differences may be indicative of impairments in the sensorimotor system or of learnt strategies adopted to try to minimise instability and injury risk and can help to inform future intervention design.

• Rice, Hannah; Kurz, Markus; Mai, Patrick; Robertz, Leon; Bill, Kevin & Derrick, Timothy R. [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Speed and surface steepness affect internal tibial loading during running. Journal of Sport and Health Science. ISSN 2095-2546. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.03.004. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Internal tibial loading is influenced by modifiable factors with implications for the risk of stress injury. Runners encounter varied surface steepness (gradients) when running outdoors and may adapt their speed according to the gradient. This study aimed to quantify tibial bending moments and stress at the anterior and posterior peripheries when running at different speeds on surfaces of different gradients. Methods: Twenty recreational runners ran on a treadmill at 3 different speeds (2.5 m/s, 3.0 m/s, and 3.5 m/s) and gradients (level: 0%; uphill: +5%, +10%, and +15%; downhill: –5%, –10%, and –15%). Force and marker data were collected synchronously throughout. Bending moments were estimated at the distal third centroid of the tibia about the medial–lateral axis by ensuring static equilibrium at each 1% of stance. Stress was derived from bending moments at the anterior and posterior peripheries by modeling the tibia as a hollow ellipse. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance were conducted using both functional and discrete statistical analyses. Results: There were significant main effects for running speed and gradient on peak bending moments and peak anterior and posterior stress. Higher running speeds resulted in greater tibial loading. Running uphill at +10% and +15% resulted in greater tibial loading than level running. Running downhill at –10% and –15% resulted in reduced tibial loading compared to level running. There was no difference between +5% or –5% and level running. Conclusion: Running at faster speeds and uphill on gradients ≥+10% increased internal tibial loading, whereas slower running and downhill running on gradients ≥–10% reduced internal loading. Adapting running speed according to the gradient could be a protective mechanism, providing runners with a strategy to minimize the risk of tibial stress injuries.

• Rice, Hannah; Seynnes, Olivier R. & Werkhausen, Amelie (2023). Effect of increased running speed and weight carriage on peak and cumulative tibial loading. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. doi: 10.1111/sms.14476. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Tibial stress injuries are a burdensome injury among military recruits. Military activities include running and the carriage of additional weight, and this may be related to the high risk of bone stress injuries. The aim of this study was to quantify tibial loading when running at two different speeds, with and without additional weight, and to quantify their combined influence. Methods: Fourteen male distance runners who ran at least 40 km per week ran barefoot on a force-instrumented treadmill in four conditions representing preferred running speed (mean (SD) 3.1 (0.3) m/s) and 20% increased running speed (3.8 (0.4) m/s), with and without 20% of body weight carried in a weight vest. Kinematics and kinetics were synchronously collected. Bending moments were estimated about the medial-lateral axis of the tibial centroid located 1/3rd of the length from distal to proximal. Static equilibrium was ensured at each 1% of stance. Peak bending moments were obtained in addition to cumulative-weighted loading, where weighted loading accounted for the relative importance of the magnitude of the bending moment and the quantity of loading using a bone-dependent weighting factor. Results: There were no interaction effects for running speed and weight carriage on peak or cumulative tibial loading. Running at a 20% faster speed increased peak and cumulative loading per kilometer by 8.0% (p < 0.001) and 4.8% (p < 0.001), respectively. Carriage of an additional 20% of body weight increased peak and cumulative loading per kilometer by 6.6% (p < 0.001) and 8.5% (p < 0.001), respectively. Interpretation: Increasing the physical demand of running by increasing speed or weight carriage increased peak tibial loading and cumulative tibial loading per kilometer, and this may increase the risk of tibial stress injury. Running speed and weight carriage independently influenced tibial loading.

• Jones, Andrew M.; Kirby, Brett S.; Clark, Ida E.; Rice, Hannah; Fulkerson, Elizabeth & Wylie, Lee [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Physiological demands of running at 2-hour marathon race pace. Journal of applied physiology. ISSN 8750-7587. 130(2), s. 369–379. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00647.2020. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The requirements of running a 2-h marathon have been extensively debated but the actual physiological demands of running at ∼21.1 km/h have never been reported. We therefore conducted laboratory-based physiological evaluations and measured running economy (O2 cost) while running outdoors at ∼21.1 km/h, in world-class distance runners as part of Nike’s “Breaking 2” marathon project. On separate days, 16 world-class male distance runners (age, 29 ± 4 yr; height, 1.72 ± 0.04 m; mass, 58.9 ± 3.3 kg) completed an incremental treadmill test for the assessment of V̇O2peak, O2 cost of submaximal running, lactate threshold and lactate turn-point, and a track test during which they ran continuously at 21.1 km/h. The laboratory-determined V̇O2peak was 71.0 ± 5.7 mL/kg/min with lactate threshold and lactate turn-point occurring at 18.9 ± 0.4 and 20.2 ± 0.6 km/h, corresponding to 83 ± 5% and 92 ± 3% V̇O2peak, respectively. Seven athletes were able to attain a steady-state V̇O2 when running outdoors at 21.1 km/h. The mean O2 cost for these athletes was 191 ± 19 mL/kg/km such that running at 21.1 km/h required an absolute V̇O2 of ∼4.0 L/min and represented 94 ± 3% V̇O2peak. We report novel data on the O2 cost of running outdoors at 21.1 km/h, which enables better modeling of possible marathon performances by elite athletes. Using the value for O2 cost measured in this study, a sub 2-h marathon would require a 59 kg runner to sustain a V̇O2 of approximately 4.0 L/min or 67 mL/kg/min.

• Ellison, Matthew A.; Fulford, Jonathan; Javadi, Akbar & Rice, Hannah (2021). Do non-rearfoot runners experience greater second metatarsal stresses than rearfoot runners? Journal of Biomechanics. ISSN 0021-9290. 126. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110647. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Stress fracture of the second metatarsal is a common and problematic injury for runners. The choice of foot strike pattern is known to affect external kinetics and kinematics but its effect on internal loading of the metatarsals is not well understood. Models of various complexities can be used to investigate the effects of running characteristics on metatarsal stresses. This study aimed to compare second metatarsal stress between habitual rearfoot and non-rearfoot strikers during barefoot running, using a novel participant-specific finite element model, including accurate metatarsal and soft tissue geometry. Synchronised force and kinematic data were collected during barefoot overground running from 20 participants (12 rearfoot strikers). Stresses were calculated using a previously evaluated and published 3D finite element model. Non-rearfoot strikers demonstrated greater external loading and joint contact forces than rearfoot runners, but there were no differences in stresses between groups. Additionally, the study allowed for a qualitative assessment of bone geometries and stresses. No correlation was found between bone volume and stresses, however, there was found to be a large variation in metatarsal shapes, possibly accounting for the lack of difference in stresses. This emphasises the importance of bone geometry when estimating bone stress and supports the suggestion that external forces should not be assumed to be representative of internal loading.

• O’Leary, Thomas J.; Rice, Hannah & Greeves, Julie (2021). Biomechanical Basis of Predicting and Preventing Lower Limb Stress Fractures During Arduous Training. Current Osteoporosis Reports. ISSN 1544-1873. 19(3), s. 308–317. doi: 10.1007/s11914-021-00671-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Purpose of Review: Stress fractures at weight-bearing sites, particularly the tibia, are common in military recruits and athletes. This review presents recent findings from human imaging and biomechanics studies aimed at predicting and preventing stress fractures. Recent Findings: Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) provides evidence that cortical bone geometry (tibial width and area) is associated with tibial stress fracture risk during weight-bearing exercise. The contribution of bone trabecular microarchitecture, cortical porosity, and bone material properties in the pathophysiology of stress fractures is less clear, but high-resolution pQCT and new techniques such as impact microindentation may improve our understanding of the role of microarchitecture and material properties in stress fracture prediction. Military studies demonstrate osteogenic outcomes from high impact, repetitive tibial loading during training. Kinetic and kinematic characteristics may influence stress fracture risk, but there is no evidence that interventions to modify biomechanics can reduce the incidence of stress fracture. Summary: Strategies to promote adaptive bone formation, in combination with improved techniques to assess bone strength, present exciting opportunities for future research to prevent stress fractures.

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• Risvang, Linn Christin; Strøm, Vegard; Dijk, Jan-Willem van; Rice, Hannah; Sandbakk, Øyvind Bucher & Bovim, Lars Peder Vatshelle [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Investigating the Effects of a High-Load Resistance Training Program on Bone Health in Wheelchair Users (the BoneWheel Study): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. doi: 10.2196/70125. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Low mechanical loading of the bones of wheelchair users leads to low bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk of bone fractures and associated complications. High-load resistance training of the upper body is one way to achieve mechanical loading of the lumbar spine and the hip bones. In addition, maintaining good nutritional status with key nutrients for bone remodeling, that is, vitamin D and calcium, is important for bone accrual. Objective: This study aims to investigate the effect of 24 weeks of high-load resistance training combined with nutritional optimization on lumbar spine BMD. Secondary objectives are to investigate the effects of the intervention on (1) bone and physical health parameters, such as bone turnover blood markers, nutritional status, body composition, and maximal muscular strength, as well as (2) exercise motivation and mental health. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, we aimed to include 60 wheelchair users with nonprogressive impairments. Participants were randomly allocated to 24 weeks of either (1) high-load resistance training and nutrition optimization or (2) nutrition optimization only, stratified by sex and sport activity status. The training program consisted of 3 weekly sessions comprising 6 exercises periodized in low-, moderate-, and high-load phases. The nutritional optimization aimed to ensure sufficient intake of protein, vitamin D, and calcium. BMD and body composition; maximal muscular strength; and nutritional, physical, and mental health status were assessed at baseline, midpoint, and postintervention visits. Furthermore, follow-up assessments of a subgroup were conducted at 6 to 18 months after the intervention. This protocol was approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics South-East, Norway. Results: Recruitment occurred between November 2022 and 2023. A total of 68 wheelchair users were screened for eligibility, of whom 45 (66%) were enrolled and allocated to one of the study groups (n=24, 53% training group; n=21, 47% control group). At the midpoint and postintervention visits, 36 (n=17, 47% and n=19, 53%, respectively) and 33 (n=14, 42% and n=19, 58%, respectively) participants were assessed, respectively. Analysis of the data collected at the screening visit commenced in spring 2024, while analyses of data collected at the baseline and retest visits began in autumn 2024. Publication of the results of this study is expected by the end of 2025. Conclusions: This protocol presents the first randomized controlled trial of a high-load resistance training intervention in wheelchair users, focusing on bone, physical, and mental health. The results will contribute to new knowledge in exercise science for this population and generate novel hypotheses for future studies.

• Hoenig, Tim; Saxena, Amol; Rice, Hannah; Hollander, Karsten & Tenforde, Adam S. (2023). Navigating the challenges and opportunities with 'super shoes': balancing performance gains with injury risk. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106875. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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