Glyn Caerwyn Roberts

• Røynesdal, Øystein; Smith, Otto Robert Frans; Roberts, Glyn; Nassau, Femke van; Jelsma, Judith G. M. & Wyke, Sally [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2026). Changes to autonomous motivation and reductions in amotivation led to positive mental health in overweight male football fans: a causal mediation analysis of the European fans in training (EuroFIT) trial. Psychology and Health. ISSN 0887-0446. s. 1–20. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2026.2677081. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective Do post-program motivational regulations mediate the intervention effect of the SDT-based European Fans in Training (EuroFIT) program on self-esteem, well-being and vitality at 12-months follow-up? Methods A causal mediation analysis of data from the randomised controlled trial of the EuroFIT program that recruited 1113 overweight, male football fans in England, Norway, Portugal and the Netherlands. Results We found evidence of indirect effects of autonomous motivation on vitality (b=.487, 95% CI: .229, .767, p<.001) well-being (b=.063, 95% CI: .003, .131, p=.038) and self-esteem (b=.491, 95% CI: .278, .701, p<.001), but not controlled motivation, at 12-months follow-up in the EuroFIT trial. We also found that reductions in amotivation at post-program partly explained positive increases across outcomes at 12-months follow-up. When controlling for increases in outcome variables at post-program, only the mediating effect of autonomous motivation on self-esteem remained significant, whereas the indirect pathway through reductions in amotivation remained significant for all outcomes. None of the indirect effects were robust to potential mediator-outcome confounding. Conclusion EuroFIT program produced small-to-moderate improvements in vitality, well-being, and self-esteem at 12-month follow-up that were partly explained by post-program increases in autonomous motivation and reductions in amotivation. All indirect effects estimates were sensitive to potential mediator-outcome confounding.

• Nerstad, Christina G. L.; Caniëls, Marjolein; Richardsen, Astrid Marie & Roberts, Glyn (2026). The challenge stressor—reduced professional efficacy link: The role of motivational mechanisms. International Journal of Stress Management. ISSN 1072-5245. 33(2), s. 157–173. doi: https:/psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/str0000386. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  By drawing on the transactional theory of stress, achievement goal theory, and self-determination theory, we tested whether controlled motivation and amotivation are mediating mechanisms in the relationship between stressors (i.e., perceived performance climate and challenge stressors) and reduced professional efficacy (strain indicator). The results from a two-wave study including 1,081 engineers and technologists show that employees who perceive a performance climate and challenge stressors experience controlled work motivation and amotivation, which, in turn, fuel their perceptions of reduced professional efficacy. Our findings also illustrate that amotivation is the predominant mechanism in the stressor–strain relationship, thereby advancing understanding of its underlying process. Our results have important practical implications for how leaders can prevent the evolvement of employees’ controlled motivation and amotivation.

• Røynesdal, Øystein; Andersen, Eivind; Pereira, Hugo V.; Wyke, Sally; Gray, Cindy M. & Jelsma, Judith G. M. [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Changes to men’s walking and the contribution of walking to self-reported physical activity in the EuroFIT programme. Health Education Journal. ISSN 0017-8969. 84(3), s. 293–307. doi: 10.1177/00178969251323509. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective:Gender-sensitive approaches to increasing men’s physical activity (PA) through sports settings have shown promise across cultural contexts. We examined changes to men’s walking and the contribution of walking towards self-reported PA after participating in the men-only European Fans in Training (EuroFIT) programme before exploring men’s experiences of sustaining walking to explain the quantitative findings. Design:A sequential mixed-methods design was used to collect self-reported PA questionnaire data as part of a randomised controlled trial at baseline, post-programme and 12-month follow-up, together with focus groups with participants. Setting:EuroFIT was delivered by football club/community coaches to overweight fans in football clubs across England, the Netherlands, Portugal and Norway. Results:Linear regression modelling demonstrated that self-reported walking was significantly higher at both post-programme (426 metabolic equivalents [METs], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 287–565, p < .001) and at 12-month follow-up (343 METs, 95% CI: 205–482, p < .001) in all countries in favour of the intervention group, despite a large decline in Norway from post-programme to follow-up. The contribution of walking towards total PA did not change after participating in EuroFIT. Qualitative analysis indicated that most men were positive about walking and had embodied learning from the EuroFIT programme, but also that some men also considered walking a transitional activity towards other more intensive forms of PA. Conclusion:EuroFIT succeeded in helping overweight, male football fans increase walking as part of their self-reported total PA. Although the percentage of walking in relation to total PA remained the same for participants in both groups, EuroFIT helped men to integrate walking into their daily lives.

• Røynesdal, Øystein; Roberts, Glyn; Pereira, Hugo V.; Jelsma, Judith G. M.; Wyke, Sally & Andersen, Eivind [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Fostering health behaviour change in overweight male football fans through the European Fans in Training (EuroFIT) program: A Self-Determination Theory perspective. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 76(January). doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102742. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The European Fans in Training (EuroFIT) program integrated need-supportive motivational strategies from Self-Determination Theory (SDT) in the design of a healthy lifestyle program delivered to overweight or obese male football fans (n = 1113; mean age of 45.9 [SD = 9.0] years old and BMI of 33.2 kg/m2 [SD = 4.6]) in professional football club settings in the UK, Portugal, Norway and the Netherlands. With a critical realist approach, we developed a structured thematic framework analysis based on Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to investigate the process of change in men who participated in the EuroFIT randomized controlled trial (RCT). We examined whether men’s experiences of the social context of EuroFIT, and whether their engagement with the program’s motivational strategies supported or frustrated their basic psychological needs while attempting to change their lifestyle behaviours. We found that men in all countries perceived the social contexts of the EuroFIT program as mostly needs-supportive, and that they found engagement with most of the program components helpful in supporting their psychological needs when initiating health behaviour changes. However, some of the program elements in the EuroFIT program were perceived as needs-frustrating by some participants and need-supportive by others. Implications for the use of need-supportive motivational strategies in designing future lifestyle interventions in sport settings to promote health behaviour change among male football fans are discussed.

• Pereira, Hugo V.; Silva, Marlene N.; Pulido, Juan; Roberts, Glyn; Sørensen, Marit & Andersen, Eivind [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Self-Determination Theory Mechanisms in Men’s Long-Term, Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in the European Fans in Training Program. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. ISSN 1543-3080. 22(8), s. 979–988. doi: 10.1123/jpah.2024-0758. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Evidence supporting Self-Determination Theory (SDT) utility in facilitating and explaining physical activity (PA) behavior change and maintenance is robust and rapidly increasing. This paper aims to describe how SDT was used to develop the European Fans in Training program, and its adequacy, concerning the critical mechanisms theoretically provided, to predict objectively measured PA and sedentary behaviors. Methods: European Fans in Training was a gender-sensitized, healthy lifestyle program that successfully attracted men and supported them in making changes in their PA and diet. This study analyzes self-reported psychometric and objectively measured PA data from the European Fans in Training intervention group of 560 overweight men aged 30–65 from 4 countries (The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United Kingdom). Results: The motivational mediation sequence predicted by SDT showed an acceptable to excellent fit for the data: χ2 = 200.204; df = 87; P = .000; comparative fit index = .956; Tucker–Lewis Index = .933; root mean square error approximation = .050 (90% CI, .041 to .059); standardized root mean square residual = .056. Perceived need support by coaches was positively related to greater need satisfaction, which led to higher levels of self-determination and an increase in steps, lifestyle PA, and sit-to-stand transitions. Perceived need-thwarting behaviors were negatively associated with need satisfaction and indirectly with self-determination. Conclusions: Results confirm that interventions can create conditions for individuals to experience psychological need satisfaction, self-determined motivation, and PA-related health behavior change. These findings provide further support to the utility and acceptability of SDT among policymakers and practitioners wishing to promote PA in previously sedentary adults.

• Røynesdal, Øystein; Smith, Robert; Sørensen, Marit; Nassau, Femke van; Jelsma, Judith G.M. & Wyke, Sally [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2025). Do changes in autonomous motivation mediate the effect of the EuroFIT program on physical activity? International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. ISSN 1612-197X. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2025.2547364. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Gender-sensitized approaches to health behaviour change in sports settings have generated positive health outcomes and health behaviours, but theoretical constructs integrated in these interventions have not been tested as mediators of change. The European Fans in Training (EuroFIT) programme used motivational strategies from Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to promote health behaviour change in overweight male soccer fans (n = 1113; mean age of 45.9 [SD = 9.0] years old and mean BMI of 33.2 kg/m2 [SD = 4.6]) across 15 professional soccer club settings in the UK, Portugal, Norway and the Netherlands. A causal mediation analysis of the randomised controlled trial (RCT) of EuroFIT examining indirect effects of autonomous motivation, controlled motivation or amotivation on objectively measured and self-reported PA at 12-months follow-up for men who participated in the trial was undertaken. We also tested whether the men’s identification towards their soccer club moderated the mediating effects of these forms of motivation on PA. We found that autonomous motivation had a small indirect effect on objectively measured (b = .164, 95% CI: [.033, .303], p = .010) and self-reported PA (b = .285, 95% CI: [.089, .488], p = <.001) in men at 12-months follow-up, however, these effects were non-significant when controlling for increases in PA at post-programme and were not robust to residual mediator-outcome confounding. We found some evidence that men’s identification towards their club moderated the mediating effect of autonomous motivation on objective PA, but not self-reported PA. This represents preliminary evidence that men’s club identification can influence the relation between a key construct in SDT and sustained PA.

• Nassau, Femke van; Huis, Anita; Glind, Irene van de; Andersen, Eivind; Bunn, Christopher & Gray, Cindy M. [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Factors influencing the implementation of the EuroFIT lifestyle change program in professional football clubs in Europe: a qualitative study in four European countries. Translational Behavioral Medicine. ISSN 1869-6716. 13(4), s. 212–225. doi: 10.1093/tbm/ibac100. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper investigated facilitators and barriers to implementing the European Football Fans in Training program (EuroFIT) in professional sports clubs in England, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal. We analyzed qualitative data collected at clubs that delivered EuroFIT, based on semi-structured interviews with coordinating staff (n = 15), coaches (n = 16), and focus group interviews with participants (n = 108), as well as data from clubs that considered delivering EuroFIT in the future, based on interviews with staff (n = 7) and stakeholders (n = 8). Facilitators for implementation related to the content and structure of the program, its evidence-base, and the context for delivery in the football stadia. Financial and human resources were both facilitators and barriers. Further barriers were mostly practical, relating to human resources and infrastructure. Major differences between countries related to experience and commitment to running community projects, and differences in infrastructure, financing, and human resources. Professional football clubs’ ability to support health promotion efforts depended on their ethos and the financial and human resources available to them. Overall, the EuroFIT program was well received by clubs, coaches, participants, and stakeholders, which was reflected by the many facilitators supporting sustained implementation. For sustainable implementation, it is crucial that clubs and their stakeholders engage fully with the EuroFIT program and understand that for an adequate program delivery their views (ethos) and ways of working influence the implementation and thereby the effectiveness of EuroFIT. An important prerequisite for future roll out of EuroFIT would be a strong EuroFIT delivery partner organization to ensure financial and human resources while overseeing and guiding the quality of delivery in clubs.

• Moseid, Nils Fredrik Holm; Lemyre, Nicolas; Roberts, Glyn; Fagerland, Morten; Moseid, Christine Holm & Bahr, Roald (2023). Associations between health problems and athlete burnout: a cohort study in 210 adolescent elite athletes. BMJ Open sport & exercise medicine. 9(1), s. 1–11. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001514. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: We studied associations between the burden of health problems and athlete burnout in a population of athletes from Norwegian Sport Academy High Schools. Methods: This is a mixed prospective/retrospective cohort study. We included 210 athletes, 135 boys and 75 girls, from endurance, technical and team sports. We used the Oslo Sports Trauma Centres Questionnaire for Health Problems to collect 124 weeks of health data. During the first 26 weeks, athletes reported the health data prospectively using a smartphone app. For the following 98 weeks, we collected health data by interviewing athletes at the end of their third year in Sport Academy High School. At the time of the interview, the athletes also completed a web-based questionnaire, including the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and covering social relations in sports and school, coach relations and living conditions. Results: A greater burden of health problems was associated with a higher score for athlete burnout (B: 0.16, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.22, p<0.001). In a multivariable model, this was true for both illnesses (B: 0.21, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.32, p<0.001), acute injuries (B: 0.16, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.27, p=0.007) and overuse injuries (B: 0.10, 95% CI 0.002 to 0.18, p=0.011). This was also true in gender and sports category subgroups. The coach having a high influence on training week was associated with a lower score for athlete burnout. Conclusion: A greater burden of health problems was associated with greater symptoms of athlete burnout in athletes attending Sport Academy High Schools.

• Bunn, Christopher; Palmer, Victoria; Chng, Nai Rui; Andersen, Eivind; Gray, Cindy M. & Hunt, Kate [Vis alle 23 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). How European Fans in Training (EuroFIT), a lifestyle change program for men delivered in football clubs, achieved its effect: a mixed methods process evaluation embedded in a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 23. doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-15419-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: A randomised trial of European Fans in Training (EuroFIT), a 12-week healthy lifestyle program delivered in 15 professional football clubs in the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and the United Kingdom, successfully increased physical activity and improved diet but did not reduce sedentary time. To guide future implementation, this paper investigates how those effects were achieved. We ask: 1) how was EuroFIT implemented? 2) what were the processes through which outcomes were achieved? Methods: We analysed qualitative data implementation notes, observations of 29 of 180 weekly EuroFIT deliveries, semi-structured interviews with 16 coaches and 15 club representatives, and 30 focus group discussions with participants (15 post-program and 15 after 12 months). We descriptively analysed quantitative data on recruitment, attendance at sessions and logs of use of the technologies and survey data on the views of participants at baseline, post program and after 12 months. We used a triangulation protocol to investigate agreement between data from difference sources, organised around meeting 15 objectives within the two research questions. Results: We successfully recruited clubs, coaches and men to EuroFIT though the draw of the football club seemed stronger in the UK and Portugal. Advertising that emphasized getting fitter, club-based deliveries, and not ‘standing out’ worked and attendance and fidelity were good, so that coaches in all countries were able to deliver EuroFIT flexibly as intended. Coaches in all 15 clubs facilitated the use of behaviour change techniques and interaction between men, which together enhanced motivation. Participants found it harder to change sedentary time than physical activity and diet. Fitting changes into daily routines, planning for setbacks and recognising the personal benefit of behaviour change were important to maintain changes. Bespoke technologies were valued, but technological hitches frustrated participants. Conclusion: EuroFIT was delivered as planned by trained club coaches working flexibly in all countries. It worked as expected to attract men and support initiation and maintenance of changes in physical activity and diet but the use of bespoke, unstable, technologies was frustrating. Future deliveries should eliminate the focus on sedentary time and should use only proven technologies to support self-monitoring and social interaction.

• Røynesdal, Øystein; Nassau, Femke van; Chng, Nai Rui; Pereira, Hugo; Andersen, Eivind & Bunn, Christopher [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Exploring the provision and motives behind the adoption of health-promotion programmes in professional football clubs across four European countries. PLOS ONE. 16(11). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259458. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study mapped existing health-promotion provisions targeting adults in professional football clubs across England, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal, and explored motives behind the clubs’ adoption of the European Fans in Training (EuroFIT) programme. We surveyed top-tier football clubs in the four countries and interviewed representatives from football clubs and the clubs’ charitable foundation who delivered EuroFIT. The findings showed large between-country differences, with football clubs in England reporting far greater healthy lifestyle provision than other countries. Relatively few health-promotion programmes targeted adults, particularly in the Netherlands, Portugal, and Norway. Club representatives reported that the motives for adopting the EuroFIT programme often involved adhering to both the social objectives of the football club or club’s foundation and business-related objectives. They viewed the scientific evidence and evaluation underpinning EuroFIT as helpful in demonstrating the value and potential future impact of both the programme and the clubs’ wider corporate social responsibility provision.

• Sørensen, Marit; Roberts, Glyn & Farholm, Anders (2021). Motivational climate in the home: Implications for physical activity, psychosocial outcomes and family relations. International Journal of Sport Psychology. ISSN 0047-0767. 52(1), s. 71–89. doi: 10.7352/IJSP.2021.52.071. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The impact of motivational climate created by coaches/teachers on children is well documented. There is little knowledge about the motivational climate in the home. This study investigated the perceived motivational climate in the home and achievement goals, physical activity involvement, and psychosocial outcomes such as empathy, family relationships, school grades, general mastery and psychological problems for 15-16 year old adolescents. Methods: Data were collected by questionnaires in a cross-sectional design. Participants were 1940 boys and 1871 girls. Gender differences necessitated separate analyses, but for both genders, mastery climate was indirectly, positively related to physical activity, mastery, empathy, family relations, and school grades via task orientation. The home climate had a direct relationship with the achievement orientation of the children and the orientation of the child had gender specific relationships to physical activity, family relationships and general mastery. Conclusion: A home mastery climate is associated with more adaptive outcomes.

• Andersen, Eivind; Ploeg, Hidde P. van der; Mechelen, Willem van; Gray, Cindy M.; Mutrie, Nanette & Nassau, Femke van [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Contributions of changes in physical activity, sedentary time, diet and body weight to changes in cardiometabolic risk. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 18(1). doi: 10.1186/s12966-021-01237-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Increased physical activity (PA), reduced time spent sedentary (SED), healthier diet and reduced body weight may all have a positive impact on cardiometabolic risk. The relative importance of change in each of these variables on cardiometabolic risk, however, is unclear. We therefore sought to investigate the relative contributions of changes in PA, SED, diet and body weight on cardiometabolic risk. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data collected from the EuroFIT randomised controlled trial, which was a 12-week group-based lifestyle intervention for overweight middle-aged men delivered by coaches in football club stadia aiming to improve PA, SED, diet, and body weight. PA and SED were assessed by accelerometry, diet using the Dietary Instrument for Nutrition Education (DINE). An overall cardiometabolic risk score was derived from combining z-scores for glucose, HbA1c, insulin, lipids and blood pressure. In total, 707 men (from the overall cohort of 1113) with complete data for these variables at baseline and 12-month follow-up were included in the multivariable linear regression analyses. Results: In multivariable analyses, change in number of steps (explaining 5.1% of R2) and dietary factors (less alcohol, fatty and sugary food, and more fruit and vegetables) (together explaining 4.5% of R2), but not changes in standing time or SED, were significantly associated with change in body weight. Changes in number of steps (R2 = 1.7%), fatty food score (R2 = 2.4%), and sugary food score (R2 = 0.4%) were significantly associated with change in cardiometabolic risk score in univariable models. However, in multivariable models which included changes in weight as well as changes in steps and dietary variables, change in weight explained a substantially larger proportion of the change in cardiometabolic risk score, explaining 14.1% of R2 (out of an overall model R2 of 19.0%). When baseline (as well as change) values were also included in the model, 38.8% of R2 for change in cardiometabolic risk score was explained overall, with 14.1% of R2 still explained by change in weight. Conclusion: Change in body weight, together with baseline cardiometabolic risk explained most of the change in cardiometabolic risk. Thus, the benefits of increasing physical activity and improving diet on cardiometabolic risk appear to act largely via an effect on changes in body weight.

• Nerstad, Christina G. L.; Caniëlis, Marjolein; Roberts, Glyn & Richardsen, Astrid Marie (2020). Perceived Motivational Climates and Employee Energy: The Mediating Role of Basic Psychological Needs. Frontiers in Psychology. 11(2020). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01509. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study draws on achievement goal theory and self-determination theory to examine the associations among two motivational climates (i.e., mastery and performance) and two indicators of energy at work (i.e., vigor and emotional exhaustion), as well as the mediating role of basic psychological need satisfaction (i.e., autonomy, relatedness, and competence). A two-wave longitudinal study was conducted collecting data from 1,081 engineers and technologists. We applied previously validated instruments to assess the variables of interest. Structural equation modeling analyses were conducted to test the hypotheses. Our findings show that mastery climate is positively and significantly related to each of the three basic needs, whereas a performance climate is negatively and significantly related to each of the three basic needs. Further, the results indicate that the basic needs are significantly associated with both measures of energy, negatively with emotional exhaustion and positively with vigor. This pattern of results suggests that basic psychological need satisfaction mediates the relationship between motivational climates and energy at work.

• Kolovos, Spyros; Finch, Aureliano P.; Ploeg, Hidde P. van der; Nassau, Femke van; Broulikova, Hana M. & Baka, Agni [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Five-year cost-effectiveness analysis of the European Fans in Training (EuroFIT) physical activity intervention for men versus no intervention. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 17(1). doi: 10.1186/s12966-020-00934-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: Increasing physical activity reduces the risk of chronic illness including Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer. Lifestyle interventions can increase physical activity but few successfully engage men. This study aims to investigate the 5 year cost-effectiveness of EuroFIT, a program to improve physical activity tailored specifically for male football (soccer) fans compared to a no intervention comparison group. Methods: We developed a Markov cohort model in which the impact of improving physical activity on five chronic health conditions (colorectal cancer, Type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke and depression) and mortality was modelled. We estimated costs from a societal perspective and expressed benefits as quality adjusted life years (QALYs). We obtained data from a 4-country (England, Netherlands, Portugal and Norway) pragmatic randomised controlled trial evaluating EuroFIT, epidemiological and cohort studies, and meta-analyses. We performed deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses to assess the impact of uncertainty in the model’s parameter values on the cost-effectiveness results. We used Monte Carlo simulations to estimate uncertainty and presented this using cost-effectiveness acceptability curves (CEACs). We tested the robustness of the base case analysis using five scenario analyses. Results: Average costs over 5 years per person receiving EuroFIT were €14,663 and per person receiving no intervention €14,598. Mean QALYs over 5 years were 4.05 per person for EuroFIT and 4.04 for no intervention. Thus, the average incremental cost per person receiving EuroFIT was €65 compared to no intervention, while the average QALY gain was 0.01. This resulted in an ICER of €5206 per QALY gained. CEACs show that the probability of EuroFIT being cost-effective compared to no intervention is 0.53, 0.56 and 0.58 at thresholds of €10,000, €22,000 and €34,000 per QALY gained, respectively. When using a time horizon of 10 years, the results suggest that EuroFIT is more effective and less expensive compared to (i.e. dominant over) no intervention with a probability of cost-effectiveness of 0.63 at a threshold of €22,000 per QALY gained. Conclusions: We conclude the EuroFIT intervention is not cost-effective compared to no intervention over a period of 5 years from a societal perspective, but is more effective and less expensive (i.e. dominant) after 10 years. We thus suggest that EuroFIT can potentially improve public health in a cost-effective manner in the long term.

• Balague, Gloria; Gould, Daniel & Roberts, Glyn (2020). North American sport psychology pioneers. International Journal of Sport Psychology. ISSN 0047-0767. 51(5), s. 456–470. doi: 10.7352/IJSP.2020.51.456. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Wyke, Sally; Bunn, Christopher; Andersen, Eivind; Silva, Marlene N.; Nassau, Femke van & McSkimming, Paula [Vis alle 34 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). The effect of a programme to improve men's sedentary time and physical activity: The european fans in training (EuroFIT) randomised controlled trial. PLoS Medicine. ISSN 1549-1277. 16(3). doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002736. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Reducing sitting time as well as increasing physical activity in inactive people is beneficial for their health. This paper investigates the effectiveness of the European Fans in Training (EuroFIT) programme to improve physical activity and sedentary time in male football fans, delivered through the professional football setting. Methods and findings A total of 1,113 men aged 30–65 with self-reported body mass index (BMI) ≥27 kg/m2 took part in a randomised controlled trial in 15 professional football clubs in England, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal. Recruitment was between September 19, 2015, and February 2, 2016. Participants consented to study procedures and provided usable activity monitor baseline data. They were randomised, stratified by club, to either the EuroFIT intervention or a 12-month waiting list comparison group. Follow-up measurement was post-programme and 12 months after baseline. EuroFIT is a 12-week, group-based programme delivered by coaches in football club stadia in 12 weekly 90-minute sessions. Weekly sessions aimed to improve physical activity, sedentary time, and diet and maintain changes long term. A pocket-worn device (SitFIT) allowed self-monitoring of sedentary time and daily steps, and a game-based app (MatchFIT) encouraged between-session social support. Primary outcome (objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity) measurements were obtained for 83% and 85% of intervention and comparison participants. Intention-to-treat analyses showed a baseline-adjusted mean difference in sedentary time at 12 months of −1.6 minutes/day (97.5% confidence interval [CI], −14.3–11.0; p = 0.77) and in step counts of 678 steps/day (97.5% CI, 309–1.048; p < 0.001) in favor of the intervention. There were significant improvements in diet, weight, well-being, self-esteem, vitality, and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health in favor of the intervention group, but not in quality of life. There was a 0.95 probability of EuroFIT being cost-effective compared with the comparison group if society is willing to pay £1.50 per extra step/day, a maximum probability of 0.61 if society is willing to pay £1,800 per minute less sedentary time/day, and 0.13 probability if society is willing to pay £30,000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). It was not possible to blind participants to group allocation. Men attracted to the programme already had quite high levels of physical activity at baseline (8,372 steps/day), which may have limited room for improvement. Although participants came from across the socioeconomic spectrum, a majority were well educated and in paid work. There was an increase in recent injuries and in upper and lower joint pain scores post-programme. In addition, although the five-level EuroQoL questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) is now the preferred measure for cost-effectiveness analyses across Europe, baseline scores were high (0.93), suggesting a ceiling effect for QALYs. Conclusion Participation in EuroFIT led to improvements in physical activity, diet, body weight, and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health, but not in sedentary time at 12 months. Within-trial analysis suggests it is not cost-effective in the short term for QALYs due to a ceiling effect in quality of life. Nevertheless, decision-makers may consider the incremental cost for increase in steps worth the investment.

• Kristiansen, Elsa; Ivarsson, Andreas; Solstad, Bård Erlend & Roberts, Glyn (2019). Motivational processes affecting the perception of organizational and media stressors among professional football players: A longitudinal mixed methods research study. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 43, s. 172–182. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.02.009. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine professional football players’ perceptions of organizational and media stressors over a season using Achievement Goal Theory (AGT) as the overarching motivational framework. We elaborated upon the experience of the extant motivational climate and how players perceived and coped with a number of organizational and media stressors during the season. Design: A mixed-methods approach was used in this longitudinal investigation with the quantitative testing of hypotheses (strand 1) complemented with interviews (strand II) exploring the perceptions of players of the target variables within their role in the team (captains, starters, and marginal players). Method: 27 players from one men’s team in a Scandinavian Premier Division completed a series of questionnaires at ten occasions during the season. We used the Bayesian dynamic p-technique analysis to investigate the relationships between AGT constructs and stressors. At the end of the season, 11 players were interviewed. The qualitative data were coded and narratives were used when presenting the findings. Results: The quantitative results showed that a perceived mastery climate created by the coach was associated with low perceived magnitude of organizational stressors. The qualitative results revealed the main categories of organizational stressors were the selected line-up for games, injuries, and losing games. The results for media stressors revealed that task orientation was associated with low perceived magnitude of media stressors the following month, while ego orientation had the opposite relationship. The qualitative findings revealed that injured and marginal players were more sensitive to media questioning in a season where the team was acknowledged for their team performance. Conclusions: There are benefits of being task-involved through task orientation and perception of a mastery climate to combat the quantity, frequency, and/or intensity of the perception of organizational and media stressors in professional football.

• Nerstad, Christina G. L.; Richardsen, Astrid Marie & Roberts, Glyn (2018). Who are the high achievers at work? Perceived motivational climate, goal orientation profiles, and work performance. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. ISSN 0036-5564. 59(6), s. 661–667. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12490. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this study was to respond to the call for research on goal orientation (mastery and performance orientation) profiles in work contexts. Among 8,282 engineers and technologists, Latent profile analyses indicated that four different goal orientation profiles existed – primarily mastery oriented, indifferent, moderate multiple goals, and success oriented. Both success oriented employees and employees who are primarily mastery oriented indicated the highest individual work performance. Further, mastery and performance climates were found to be relevant antecedents of employees’ goal orientation profiles. Supplementary analyses suggested that a primarily mastery oriented profile seems to be more beneficial for the facilitation of employee well‐being. The practical implications of these findings and directions for future research are presented.

• Glind, Irene van de; Bunn, Christopher; Gray, Cindy M.; Hunt, K.; Andersen, Eivind & Jelsma, J [Vis alle 19 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). The intervention process in the European Fans in Training (EuroFIT) trial: a mixed method protocol for evaluation. Trials. 18(356), s. 1–14. doi: 10.1186/s13063-017-2095-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sørensen, Marit; Maro, Cyprian N. & Roberts, Glyn (2016). Gender differences in HIV related psychological variables in a Tanzanian intervention using sport. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. ISSN 1612-197X. 14(2), s. 135–151. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2015.1121511. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Despite the encouraging reduction in new HIV infections in most parts of the world, Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 72% of all new infections worldwide in 2011 [UNAIDS (2012). World AIDS day report. Geneva: Author]. Young women are more likely to be infected than young men. However, the possibilities for doing research on development of strategies and interventions for HIV prevention are not well supported in most Sub-Saharan universities. It is therefore important that we in the developed world support our colleagues in finding ways to develop research environments: In this case, on preventive strategies for HIV in the local culture in Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. Sport is gaining recognition as an effective means to increase HIV/AIDS awareness and reduce vulnerability. We used an HIV/AIDS education intervention through soccer, using peer coaches, to investigate the efficacy of the intervention and in particular to examine gender differences in changes in HIV-related psychological variables of at-risk youth subgroups participating in the intervention. Participants were at-risk children within a community sport programme. Children attending local schools, and a group of street children from the same communities acted as control groups. The intervention lasted eight weeks. The intervention was successful in that both boys and girls improved their scores on the behavioural intention variables. However, gender differences at pre-test were maintained post-test in that girls continued to score lower than boys. The sport intervention was successful, but girls scored reliably lower on most of the variables under study, especially the variables involving the use of a condom.

• Nassau, Femke van; Ploeg, Hidde P. van der; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik; Andersen, Eivind; Anderson, Annie S. & Bosmans, Judith E. [Vis alle 39 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Study protocol of European Fans in Training (EuroFIT): a four-country randomised controlled trial of a lifestyle program for men delivered in elite football clubs. BMC Public Health. 16:598, s. 1–15. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3255-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Lifestyle interventions targeting physical activity, sedentary time and dietary behaviours have the potential to initiate and support behavioural change and result in public health gain. Although men have often been reluctant to engage in such lifestyle programs, many are at high risk of several chronic conditions. We have developed an evidence and theory-based, gender sensitised, health and lifestyle program (European Fans in Training (EuroFIT)), which is designed to attract men through the loyalty they feel to the football club they support. This paper describes the study protocol to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the EuroFIT program in supporting men to improve their level of physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour over 12 months. Methods: The EuroFIT study is a pragmatic, two-arm, randomised controlled trial conducted in 15 football clubs in the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the UK (England). One-thousand men, aged 30 to 65 years, with a self-reported Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥27 kg/m2 will be recruited and individually randomised. The primary outcomes are objectively-assessed changes in total physical activity (steps per day) and total sedentary time (minutes per day) at 12 months after baseline assessment. Secondary outcomes are weight, BMI, waist circumference, resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure, cardio-metabolic blood biomarkers, food intake, self-reported physical activity and sedentary time, wellbeing, self-esteem, vitality and quality of life. Cost-effectiveness will be assessed and a process evaluation conducted. The EuroFIT program will be delivered over 12 weekly, 90-minute sessions that combine classroom discussion with graded physical activity in the setting of the football club. Classroom sessions provide participants with a toolbox of behaviour change techniques to initiate and sustain long-term lifestyle changes. The coaches will receive two days of training to enable them to create a positive social environment that supports men in engaging in sustained behaviour change. Discussion: The EuroFIT trial will provide evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the EuroFIT program delivered by football clubs to their male fans, and will offer insight into factors associated with success in making sustained changes to physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and secondary outcomes, such as diet.

• Kristiansen, Elsa; Roberts, Glyn & Lemyre, Nicolas (2015). The sport parents' and entourage's perspectives. I Parent, Milena & Chappelet, Jean-Loup (Red.), Routledge handbook of sports event management. Routledge. ISSN 9780415858649. s. 183–202. doi: 10.4324/9780203798386-10. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Roberts, Glyn & Papaioannou, Athanasios (2014). Achievement motivation in sport settings. I Papaioannou, Athanasios & Hackfort, Dieter (Red.), Routledge companion to sport and exercise psychology : global perspectives and fundamental concepts. Routledge. ISSN 9781848721289. s. 49–66. doi: 10.4324/9781315880198.ch4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nerstad, Christina G. L.; Roberts, Glyn & Richardsen, Astrid Marie (2013). Person–Situation Dynamics and Well-Being at Work: An Achievement Goal Theory Perspective. I Burke, Ronald J & Cooper, Cary L (Red.), The Fulfilling Workplace: The Organization's Role in Achieving Individual and Organizational Health. Gower Publishing Ltd.. ISSN 9781409460459. s. 121–138. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ommundsen, Yngvar; Lemyre, Nicolas; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik & Roberts, Glyn (2013). The role of motivational climate for sense of vitality in organized youth grassroots football players : Do harmonious and obsessive types of passion play a mediating role? International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences. ISSN 1598-2939. 25(2), s. 102–117. doi: 10.24985/ijass.2013.25.2.102. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The mediating role of types of passion in the relationships between motivational climates and subjective vitality was examined among 283 experienced young Norwegian grassroots football players (aged 12-16 years). A Structural Equation Model (SEM) based path model revealed that mastery climate predicted subjective vitality directly as well as mediated by harmonious passion and through a chain in which harmonious passion fuelled obsessive passion, in turn facilitating vitality. The former was the stronger mediation path of the two. A performance climate was unrelated to obsessive passion. The pattern of results generally supports the proposed motivational climate–passion–vitality link. However, the observed mediation chain involving also a positive mastery climate–obsessive passion–vitality link invites further examinations to better understand both young football players’ subjective meaning making of harmonious and obsessive passion.

• Nerstad, Christina G. L.; Roberts, Glyn & Richardsen, Astrid Marie (2013). Achieving success at work: The development and validation of the motivational climate at work questionnaire (MCWQ). Journal of Applied Social Psychology. ISSN 0021-9029. 43(11), s. 2231–2250. doi: 10.1111/jasp.12174. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Maro, Cyprian N. & Roberts, Glyn (2012). Combating HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Effect of Introducing a Mastery Motivational Climate in a Community-Based Programme. Applied Psychology. ISSN 0269-994X. 61(4), s. 699–722. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00482.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The study investigated whether mastery motivational strategies could enhance the effectiveness of life skills interventions for HIV education through sport. A quasi field experimental study was conducted in Tanzania with at-risk children (n= 564) randomly grouped into two intervention groups and one control group. The intervention groups received AIDS education using trained peer coaches in football, with one group using mastery strategies. Children in the intervention groups all reported significantly greater HIV knowledge, and positive attitudes and safe-sex behavioural intentions. The mastery motivational strategies reliably enhanced risk reduction for some of the variables. Canonical correlation analysis revealed meaningful relationships of mastery strategies with the variables. The life skills intervention through sport for HIV risk reduction was effective, and mastery motivational strategies enhanced that effectiveness.

• Kristiansen, Elsa; Halvari, Hallgeir & Roberts, Glyn (2012). Organizational and media stress among professional football players: testing an achievement goal theory model. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 22(4), s. 569–579. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01259.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this study was to investigate media and coach–athlete stress experienced by professional football players and their relationship to motivational variables by testing an achievement goal theory (AGT) stress model. In order to do so, we developed scales specifically designed to assess media and coach–athlete stress. Eighty‐two elite football players (Mage=25.17 years, SD=5.19) completed a series of questionnaires. Correlations and bootstrapping were used as primary statistical analyses, supplemented by LISREL, to test the hypotheses. Results revealed that a mastery climate was directly and negatively associated with coach–athlete stress, while a performance climate was directly and positively associated with coach–athlete stress. In addition, an indirect positive path between the performance climate and media stress was revealed through ego orientation. These findings support some of the key postulates of AGT; a mastery climate reduces the perception of stress among athletes, and the converse is true for a performance climate. Coaches of elite footballers are advised to try to reduce the emphasis on performance criteria because of its stress‐reducing effects.

• Kristiansen, Elsa; Tomten, Sissel Erland; Hanstad, Dag Vidar & Roberts, Glyn (2012). Coaching communication issues with elite female athletes: Two Norwegian case studies. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 22(6), s. e156–e167. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01521.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this study was to examine the careers of two successful female elite athletes who later stagnated, and to identify possible factors that might have led to their demotivation. Individual interviews and a focus group interview were conducted. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the stories of April and Hazel raised several issues related to coaching, coach education, and the development of female athletes. Their individual profiles revealed that their perception of the lack of long-term development was caused by coach miscommunication, having to cope with sudden fame, and injuries provoked by overtraining. The coach–athlete relationship was discussed with a focus on the inexperience of some coaches, the number of coaches the athletes had to deal with, sociolinguistic issues, and the differing criteria of success communicated. Finally, the importance of their national governing bodies to focus on knowledge transfer, the supervision of coaches, and the infrastructure to monitor athletes were discussed.

• Kristiansen, Elsa; Murphy, Daniel & Roberts, Glyn (2012). Organizational Stress and Coping in U.S. Professional Soccer. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. ISSN 1041-3200. 24(2), s. 207–223. doi: 10.1080/10413200.2011.614319. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The present study was an exploration of organizational stressors perceived by U.S. professional soccer players, and the coping strategies they employed to manage these stressors. Eight players (four female and four male) were interviewed during pre-season training camps. Results of data analysis revealed that contracts, draft, league and team structure, coach-athlete interaction, salaries, and travel demands were the most commonly cited areas of stress. Participants used avoidance, problem-focused, and social support coping strategies to manage these organizational stressors. In conclusion, more concern should be placed on the impact that organizational stressors can have on athletic performances.

• Roberts, Glyn; Maro, Cyprian N. & Sørensen, Marit (2012). Using sport to promote HIV/AIDS education among at-risk youths in Sub-Saharan Africa. I Schinke, Robert & Hanrahan, Stephanie J. (Red.), Sport for development, peace, and social justice. Fitness Information Technology. ISSN 9781935412342. s. 149–162. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kristiansen, Elsa; Hanstad, Dag Vidar & Roberts, Glyn (2011). Coping with the Media at the Vancouver Winter Olympics : “We All Make a Living Out of This”. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. ISSN 1041-3200. 23(4), s. 443–458. doi: 10.1080/10413200.2011.598139. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this study was to examine the journalist-athlete relationship at a major competitive event to better understand how the media may be perceived as a source of strain and how elite athletes cope with the media demands. Ten participants were interviewed after the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Winter Games. Intrusive questioning may negatively affect and influence the athlete's preparation for events. The use of coping strategies to deal with the media demands and reporting becomes important. In addition, the team support personnel should employ mastery motivational strategies to keep the athlete task involved.

• Kristiansen, Elsa & Roberts, Glyn (2011). Media exposure and adaptive coping in elite football. International Journal of Sport Psychology. ISSN 0047-0767. 42(4), s. 339–367. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kristiansen, Elsa; Roberts, Glyn & Sisjord, Mari Kristin (2011). Coping with negative media content: The experiences of professional football goalkeepers. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. ISSN 1612-197X. 9(4), s. 295–307. doi: 10.1080/1612197X.2011.623451. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The present study explored the experiences of three football goalkeepers coping with negative media coverage. Goalkeeping is a hard position to play as you become scrutinized from all angles, and keepers are often blamed for losses by the media. The study of the media as a stressor is a relatively unexplored field. In this investigation, we chose qualitative semi-structured interviews as an explorative method. The respondents who were interviewed came from three different teams in a European Premier Division. Results revealed that the coping strategies used by the three goalkeepers may be organized into three major categories; social support, avoidance and problem-focused coping. The evaluation of the coach meant more than the game reports printed in the press. To cope with the perceived negative content in the media, the goalkeepers avoided buying, reading or watching news reports, or giving interviews on match day. With experience, the goalkeepers reported getting better in focusing on the task and the next move, and did not worry as much about the match reports. Experience seemed to be crucial for this specialist position.

• Roberts, Glyn & Kristiansen, Elsa (2010). Motivation and goal setting. I Andersen, Mark & Hanrahan, Stephanie J. (Red.), Routledge handbook of applied sport psychology : a comprehensive guide for students and practitioners. Routledge. ISSN 9780415484633. s. 490–499. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ommundsen, Yngvar; Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik & Roberts, Glyn C. (2010). Motivational climate, need satisfaction, regulation of motivation and subjective vitality A study of young soccer players. International Journal of Sport Psychology. ISSN 0047-0767. 41(3), s. 216–242. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kristiansen, Elsa & Roberts, Glyn C. (2010). Young elite athletes and social support: coping with competitive and organizational stress in "Olympic" competition. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 20(4), s. 686–695. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00950.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Elite adolescent sport is a relatively unexplored research field. The purpose of this investigation was to examine how the Norwegian Olympic Youth Team (N=29) experienced competitive and organizational stress during the European Youth Olympic Festival in July 2007 and how they coped with the stressors. Participants were aged 14?17 and competed in handball, track and field, swimming, and judo. We used a qualitative methodology with interviews and open-ended questionnaires. Qualitative content analyses revealed that the athletes experienced competitive stressors because of the size and importance of the competition, and organizational stressors (e.g., housing, lining up for food, and transportation) exacerbated by the extreme heat during the Festival. The elite competitive experience was novel to all and overwhelming for some of the more "inexperienced" athletes. The athletes used cognitive coping strategies to some extent in addition to relying on different types of social support. The findings revealed the need for social support for adolescent athletes, and underlined the importance of a good coach?athlete relationship in order to perform well and enjoy the competitive experience.

• Maro, Cyprian; Roberts, Glyn C. & Sørensen, Marit (2009). HIV/AIDS education in Tanzania : the experience of at-risk children in poorer communities. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies. ISSN 1745-0128. 4(1), s. 23–36. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This study has investigated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) knowledge, attitudes and sexual at-risk behaviours of youths from disadvantaged communities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Participants were 800 youths aged 12-15 years within three youth subgroups in these poorer communities: those children attending school; children who were not attending school but who were still residing within their communities; and children who were street children (more than 50% of them being orphans). Participants responded to questionnaires. In general, all youths showed low levels of HIV knowledge, experience with condom use and intention to use condoms. They exhibited moderate perceived behaviour control in using condom and positive subjective norms about the use of condoms, the value of sexual abstinence and having an exclusive sexual partner. Contrary to expectations, there were no significant differences between those in-school and those out-of-school with regard to HIV knowledge, intended condom use, subjective norms about condom use and abstinence. Indeed, the in-school children were more at risk for HIV infection, in that they reported the lowest condom experience and perceived behavioural control in condom use. There were systematic gender differences, in that girls scored lower than boys on all variables. The policy of basing HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) education within the schools of Tanzania has not been as effective as desired. To be effective in ?kicking AIDS out of Africa?, we need to re-evaluate the educational strategies being used.

• Maro, Cyprian; Roberts, Glyn C. & Sørensen, Marit (2009). Using sport to promote HIV/AIDS education for at-risk youths: an intervention using peer coaches in football. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 19(1), s. 129–141. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00744.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of an ongoing AIDS education intervention program (EMIMA) using peers in a sport context. A secondary purpose was to determine whether a mastery-based motivational strategy would enhance the effectiveness of the peer coaches. A quasi field experimental study was employed in which at-risk children in Dar es Salaam in Tanzania (N=764) were recruited (average age=13.6 years) and were randomly grouped into two treatment groups and two control groups. The treatment groups were peer coaches conducting the AIDS education to the children within sport, one with mastery coaching strategies and one without. The two control groups were in-school children, who received traditional AIDS education, and out-of-school children, who received no education at all. The intervention lasted for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the intervention using peers in sport was more effective in transmitting HIV prevention knowledge, cognitions and perceived behaviors than the control groups. The mastery-based motivational strategies were effective in influencing some of the variables. Contrary to expectation, the school-based HIV education was no more effective than the informal education obtained by the out-of-school children. The use of peer coaches within the EMIMA program was reliably the most effective means for HIV/AIDS education for these at-risk children.

• Roberts, Glyn C.; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik & Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas (2009). Motivation in sport and physical activity: An achievement goal interpretation. I Kaplan, Avi; Karabenick, Stuart A. & Groot, Elisabeth De (Red.), Culture, self and motivation : essays in honor of Martin L. Maehr. Information Age Publishing. ISSN 9781607521082. s. 98–122. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Over the past twenty years, research in sport, physical education, and exercise contexts focusing on motivation has adopted a social cognitive approach (see Roberts, 1984; Roberts, et al, 2007). In particular, the achievement goal approach has become an important conceptual avenue to address motivation in physical activity. This chapter summarizes the research on achievement goals in sport and exercise.

• Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik; Roberts, Glyn C. & Pensgaard, Anne Marte (2008). Achievement goals and gender effects on multidimensional anxiety in national elite sport. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 9(4), s. 449–464. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.06.005. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Conclusions: The extant motivational climate has an effect on performance anxiety, and coaches would be well advised to consider this when working with national elite athletes. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

• Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas; Hall, Howard & Roberts, Glyn C. (2008). A social cognitive approach to burnout in elite athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 18(2), s. 221–234. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00671.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this study was to investigate athlete burnout from a social-cognitive perspective by examining the relationship between social cognitive motivational variables at the start of a season and signs of burnout in elite athletes at the end of the season. Participants were 141 (F=60, M=81) elite winter sport athletes competing in Alpine skiing, Biathlon, Nordic Combined, Nordic skiing, and Speed skating. Participants completed a comprehensive motivation assessment package at the start of the season and a further burnout inventory at season's end. Results indicated that motivational dispositions, measures of the achievement climate, perceived ability and dimensions of perfectionism were associated with burnout in a conceptually consistent manner. Furthermore, the elite athletes could be grouped into two motivational profiles based on variables measured at the start of the season, one being adaptive and the other maladaptive. At season's end, the two different motivational profiles yielded distinctively different responses on an inventory assessing signs of burnout. The current findings strengthen the claim that burnout in elite athletes may not simply be "motivation gone awry" as Gould has suggested, but an inevitable consequence of exhibiting a maladaptive motivational profile.

• Kristiansen, Elsa; Roberts, Glyn C. & Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik (2008). Achievement involvement and stress coping in elite wrestling. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 18(4), s. 526–538. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00646.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The present study explored the relationship between task involvement and coping with stress in elite competition. Participants were 82 elite wrestlers, both male (n=60) and female (n=22), from four different European countries, age 16-37. The data for the study were gathered over an 18-month period, and both qualitative in-depth interviews (n=6) and quantitative approaches were used. The quantitative study measured motivation from an achievement goal theory perspective: achievement goal orientation [Perception of Success Questionnaire], perceptions of the motivational climate [Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire] and coping strategies (Brief COPE). The qualitative part explored motivation and coping in depth. As expected, task involved wrestlers coped better in competitive situations due to their use of more adaptive coping strategies. The wrestlers' experiences seemingly make them prefer to stay task involved and use adaptive coping strategies (both problem-focused and emotion-focused strategies) in competition.

• Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik; Roberts, Glyn C.; Pensgaard, Anne Marte & Ronglan, Lars Tore (2008). Perceived ability and social support as mediators of achievement motivation and performance anxiety. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 18(6), s. 810–821. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00707.x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The present study is founded on achievement goal theory (AGT) and examines the relationship between motivation, social support and performance anxiety with team handball players (n=143) from 10 elite teams. Based on these theories and previous findings, the study has three purposes. First, it was predicted that the female athletes (n=69) would report more performance worries and more social support use than males (n=74). The findings support the hypothesis for anxiety, but not for social support use. However, females report that they felt social support was more available than males. Second, we predicted and found a positive relationship between the interaction of ego orientation and perceptions of a performance climate on performance anxiety, but only for females. As predicted, perceived ability mediated this relationship. Finally, we predicted that perceptions of a performance climate were related to the view that social support was less available especially for the male athletes. Simple correlation supports this prediction, but the regression analyses did not reach significance. Thus, we could not test for mediation of social support between motivational variables and anxiety. The results illustrate that fostering a mastery climate helps elite athletes tackle competitive pressure.

• Roberts, Glyn C. & Goncales, Carlos E. (2007). Motivation and achievement goals : after 25 years, where are we, where are going? I Goncalves, Carlos Eduardo; Cumming, Sean P.; Silva, Manuel J. Coelho e & Malina, Robert M. (Red.), Sport and Education - A Tribute to Martin Lee / Goncalves, C.E., Cumming, S.P., e Silva, M.J.C. and Malina, R.M., editors. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This chapter is part of a book celebrating the career of Martin Lee. I question whether it is time to begin to seriously attempt to integrate som key constructs and untangle the motivation puzzle as some have attempted (e.g. Kaplan & maehr, 2002). Are achievement goals the manifestation of needs, values, the valence of outcomes, and/or cognitive schemas driving how one sees one's world and responds to the environmental cues extant with achievement striving? What gives meaning to achievement striving? i have argued for the social-cognitive perspective in this paper, and I believe we have the most conceptual arguments and empirical evidence to suggest that the traditional achievement goal approach is the most viable theory to explain motivation in physical activity. However, within sport and physical activity, we need to address these questions and expand our conceptual understanding of motivational processes and achievement behaviors so that we can intervene effectively to enhance motivation and make the sport and physical activity context enjoyable and satisfying for all.

• Ommundsen, Yngvar; Roberts, Glyn C.; Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas & Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik (2007). What makes for a psychologically healthful versus risky soccer engagement? the motivational climate, psychological well-being and ill-being, The role of physical education and sport in promoting physical activity and health. University of Jyväskylä. s. 268–275. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Roberts, Glyn C.; Treasure, Darren C. & Conroy, David E. (2007). Understanding the dynamics of motivation in sport and physical activity : an achievement goal interpretation, Handbook of sport psychology / edited by Gershon Tenenbaum and Robert C. Eklund. John Wiley & Sons. s. 3–30. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas; Roberts, Glyn C. & Stray-Gundersen, Jim (2007). Motivation, overtraining, and burnout: Can self-determined motivation predict overtraining and burnout in elite athletes? European Journal of Sport Science (EJSS). ISSN 1746-1391. 7(2), s. 115–126. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this study was to determine whether quality of self-determined motivation at the start of the competitive season in elite athletes and symptoms of overtraining can predict athlete burnout propensity at the end of the season. The participants were 141 elite winter sport athletes. In September, at the beginning of the season, the athletes responded to a self-determined motivation questionnaire, while they answered questions assessing overtraining symptoms and burnout in March, at the end of the season. Findings indicated that self-determined motivation and symptoms of overtraining were negatively and positively linked respectively to dimensions of athlete burnout. The results suggest that self-determined motivation and symptoms of overtraining are both independently linked to signs of burnout in elite athletes and that although no moderating effect was found, pairing self-determined motivation with symptoms of overtraining increased the prediction of burnout in athletes at the end of the season. Our findings are in line with those of recent research (Cresswell & Eklund, 2005; Lemyre, Treasure, & Roberts, 2006) and support a motivational approach to study burnout in elite athletes.

• Kristiansen, Elsa & Roberts, Glyn C. (2007). Religion as a coping strategy for stress among elite wrestlers, The changing role of public, civic and private sectors in sport culture / Hannu Itkonen, Anna-Katriina Salmikangas & Eileen McEvoy (Eds.). University of Jyväskylä. s. 224–227. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kristiansen, Elsa; Roberts, Glyn C. & Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik (2007). Coping with competitive stress in elite wrestling. The experience of men and women wrestlers, The role of physical education and sport in promoting physical activity and health. University of Jyväskylä. s. 252–257. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Roberts, Glyn C. (2006). Sport and socialisation: Enhancing peer relationships through sport, Vitoria, Spain. Imprenta de la Diputacion Foral de Alava,. s. 227–238. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A chapter reflecting on the evidence that the more mastery oriented the motivational climate, the better it is for peer relationships for the participants.

• Roberts, Glyn C. (2006). Reflections on 25 years of achievement goal theory, Lueven, Belgium. LannooCampus. s. 91–104. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Roberts, Glyn & Treasure, Darren C. (2012). Advances in motivation in sport and exercise. Human Kinetics. ISBN 9780736090810. 465 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Sørensen, Marit; Maro, Cyprian N. & Roberts, Glyn (2025). Gender Differences in HIV-Related Psychological Variables in a Tanzanian Intervention Using Sport. I Schinke, Robert J.; Quartiroli, Alessandro & Ryba, Tatiana V. (Red.), Culture and Inclusion in Sport and Physical Activity: Selected Writings from the ISSP Academy of Science. Routledge. ISSN 9781003566014. s. 123–147. doi: 10.4324/9781003566014-10. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Despite the encouraging reduction in new HIV infections in most parts of the world, Sub-Saharan Africa accounted for 72% of all new infections worldwide in 2011 [UNAIDS (2012). World AIDS Day report. Geneva: Author]. Young women are more likely to be infected than young men. However, the possibilities for doing research on the development of strategies and interventions for HIV prevention are not well supported in most Sub-Saharan universities. It is therefore important that we in the developed world support our colleagues in finding ways to develop research environments: In this case, preventive strategies for HIV within the local culture in Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. Sport is gaining recognition as an effective means to increase HIV/AIDS awareness and reduce vulnerability. We used an HIV/AIDS education intervention through soccer, using peer coaches, to investigate the efficacy of the intervention and to examine gender differences in changes in HIV-related psychological variables of at-risk youth subgroups participating in the intervention. Participants were at-risk children within a community sports programme. Children attending local schools and a group of street children from the same communities, acted as control groups. The intervention lasted eight weeks. The intervention was successful in that both boys and girls improved their scores on the behavioural intention variables. However, gender differences at pre-test were maintained post-test in that girls continued to score lower than boys. The sport intervention was successful, but girls scored reliably lower on most of the variables under study, especially the variables involving the use of a condom.

• Moseid, Nils Fredrik Holm; Lemyre, Nicolas; Roberts, Glyn; Fagerland, Morten; Moseid, Christine Holm & Bahr, Roald (2025). A spirited mind in a broken body - associations between health problems and motivation. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Moseid, Nils Fredrik Holm; Lemyre, Nicolas; Roberts, Glyn; Fagerland, Morten Wang; Moseid, Christine Holm & Bahr, Roald (2024). Totalbelastning og utrbrenthet hos unge utøvere. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Moseid, Nils Fredrik Holm; Lemyre, Nicolas; Roberts, Glyn; Fagerland, Morten Wang; Moseid, Christine Holm & Bahr, Roald (2024). Motivation and athlete burnout in the injured athlete. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Moseid, Nils Fredrik Holm; Lemyre, Nicolas; Roberts, Glyn; Fagerland, Morten Wang; Moseid, Christine Holm & Bahr, Roald (2024). No Pain No Gain: Associations Between Health Problems, Motivation and Coach Relation. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Roberts, Glyn (2012). Cheating in sport science: A case study and panel discussion-The unmasking of a data cheat. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology (JSEP). ISSN 0895-2779. 34, s. S10–S11. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Roberts, Glyn & Maro, Cyprian N. (2012). Gender issues in an intervention using peer coaches in sport. International Journal of Psychology (IJP). ISSN 0020-7594. 47, s. 736–737. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Roberts, Glyn; Maro, Cyprian N. & Sørensen, Marit (2012). Combating HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: Introducing mastery motivational strategies into a community based life-skills intervention through sport. International Journal of Psychology (IJP). ISSN 0020-7594. 47, s. 737–737. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Roberts, Glyn (2012). Cheating in sport science: A case study and panel discussion-Panel discussion. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology (JSEP). ISSN 0895-2779. 34, s. S11–S11. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nerstad, Christina G. Leonore; Roberts, Glyn; Richardsen, Astrid Marie & Dysvik, Anders (2011). Commitment-based HRM- and supervisor support climates as predictors of the motivational climate at work: Relevance for the optimization of knowledge sharing. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nerstad, Christina G. Leonore; Richardsen, Astrid Marie & Roberts, Glyn (2011). Interaction between the motivational climate and goal orientations: Relevance for work related well-being and ill-health. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nerstad, Christina G. Leonore; Richardsen, Astrid Marie & Roberts, Glyn (2011). Person-situation dynamics, work engagement and burnout: An achievement goal theory perspective. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kristiansen, Elsa & Roberts, Glyn C. (2010). Motivation and goalkeeping: Coping with negative media reporting. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Richardsen, Astrid Marie; Nerstad, Christina G. Leonore & Roberts, Glyn (2010). The influence of the motivational climate on motivational regulation, work performance, and turnover intention. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Richardsen, Astrid Marie; Nerstad, Christina G. Leonore & Roberts, Glyn (2010). The development and validation of the motivational climate at work questionnaire (MCWQ). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kristiansen, Elsa & Roberts, Glyn C. (2009). MOTIVATION AND GOALKEEPING: COPING WITH MEDIA REPORTING OF SAVES AND FAILURES. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Miller, Blake W.; Miller, Blake W.; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik; Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas; Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas & Roberts, Glyn C. [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2009). Predicting Sportspersonship in Competitive Youth Sport: How Influential are Coaches Anyway? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Previous research has indicated that perceptions of the motivational climate may predict affect and behavior in sport more than individual goal orientations (see Roberts, 2001). However, investigation of the motivational climate and goal orientations as predictors of sport morality is lacking in the literature. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the predictive qualities of both the coach created motivational climate and player goal orientations regarding sportspersonship in organized youth soccer. Participants were 714 (N=512 male, N= 202 female, 12-14 years) youth soccer players from teams competing in a large international tournament. The PMCSQ (Seifriz et al., 1992), the POSQ (Roberts et al., 1998) were utilized to measure players? climate perceptions and their goal orientations respectively, while the MSOS (Vallerand et al., 1997) was employed to measure sportspersonship. A series of multiple regression analyses were conducted in order to regress mastery and performance climate perceptions and task and ego goal orientations over the four emerging sportspersonship subscales, namely respect for ones commitment to sport, respect for social conventions, respect and concern for one?s opponent, and lastly respect and concern for the rules and officials. For all of the four regression analyses, mastery climate emerged as the strongest predictor of sportspersonship. For three of the four regression models (commitment, social conventions, and rules/officials) task orientation also emerged as a positive, yet weaker predictor of sportspersonship than a mastery climate. In light of these findings it appears that in fact coaches do have a strong influence on the sport morality of youth athletes, and clearly a mastery climate emphasis is important if fair play and sportspersonship in the competitive youth sport arena is desired. Mastery climate structure and focus will also be discussed in respect to the coaching and mentoring of youth in organized competitive sport.

• Roberts, Glyn C. (2009). Presidential address: The role of theory in research. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  As the titel suggests

• Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik; Roberts, Glyn C. & Kristiansen, Elsa (2008). Climate change between training and competition - increasing stress in an international tournament. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Roberts, Glyn C. (2008). Effect of achievement goal profiles on peer interaction and persistence in youth sport. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The purpose of this study was to determine whether the dispositional goal orientation profiles that have been reported in the literature would be observed in a sample of youth sport participants, and to investigate the differences between the goal profiles on perceptions of the motivational climate, peer relationships and drop out data. The sample consisted of a cross-sectional study of 1294 youths aged between 12-16 years of age (Male n = 787, Female n = 507) experienced youth sport participants. Participants responded to a questionnaire measuring achievement goals, perceived motivational climate, perceived peer acceptance, quality of friendship, perceptions of being bullied, and we performed a follow up procedure on whether the participants continued or dropped out of their respective sport the following season. Four profiles emerged from the cluster analysis that were similar to previous research (Hodge & Petlichkoff, 2000; Smith, Balaguer & Duda, 2006). The profile groups were found to be different on all of the peer interaction variables, but not the drop out rates. The overall trend was for participants who were higher in task orientation to have more positive peer relationships. They were lower in conflict, higher in companionship, peer acceptance and lower in the perception of being bullied. In general, the findings support the predictions coming from achievement goal theory (e.g., Nicholls, 1989), and suggest that better peer relationships are fostered with task achievement goals.

• Kristiansen, Elsa; Roberts, Glyn C. & Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik (2008). Young elite athletes coping with "Olympic" demands. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Roberts, Glyn C. (2008). The forgotten values of Parsimony, Elegance, and Conceptual Coherence in sport psychology research. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Invited Keynote Lecture: The Coleman Griffith Lecture of AASP. A philosophy of science review of the recent trends for complexity and conceptual confusion in motivation research in sport psychology.

• Roberts, Glyn C. (2008). Enhancing motivation. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  One of the most difficult aspects of motivation is the systematic enhancement of achievement behaviour, especially of young athletes. There are many constructs that are relevant to the ongoing stream of achievement behavior, cognition, and affect. The issue remains, however, of how to enhance motivation. Although individual remediation to enhance the quality of motivation by affecting change in an individual¿s dispositional goal orientation or through goal setting structures may be effective, to concentrate on individual change only is not appropriate when environmental factors also play such a large role. Even though we know a great deal these days, information to enhance motivation and foster adaptive achievement behaviors still needs to be developed. To this end, a growing body of literature exists to suggest that the teacher/coach/parent/spouse plays an active role in the construction of individuals¿ perceptions of the motivational climate and, consequently, the quality of their motivation. I discuss this literature, and then discuss means through which we can enhance the quality of motivation for athletes in sport.

• Roberts, Glyn C. (2008). Understanding motivation and motivation processes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Understanding and enhancing motivation is one of the most central concerns of human affairs. Research on motivation is very varied, and crosses many disciplines. Research in psychology addresses the role of motivation in individual lives, especially when addressing motivation in achievement contexts. Research trying to understand the motivational equation is one of the most prolific in the psychological sciences. Motivation in psychology has usually taken the form of managing the motivation of others, which is often the concern of the parent, the teacher or the coach, or of managing one's own motivation. Motivation is a very overused and vague term. It is defined so broadly by some as to incorporate the whole field of psychology, or so narrowly by others as to be almost useless as an organizing construct. There are almost as many definitions as there are theorists. The solution for many has been to abandon the term and use descriptions of cognitive processes such as self-regulation or self-systems or discuss processes such as personal goals or goal setting or emotional processes. To understand motivation, we must make an attempt to understand the processes that drive the concept.

• Ommundsen, Yngvar; Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas; Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik & Roberts, Glyn C. (2008). Passion for soccer: Does it mediate the influence of the motivational climate on young players¿ sense of vitality? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Types of passion were investigated in relationship to motivational climate and subjective vitality in youth soccer. Participants were 283 experienced young soccer players (aged 12-16 years) taking part in the Norway Cup soccer tournament 2004. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the construct validity of the harmonious and obsessive passion constructs, and Structural Equation Modelling analyses were utilized to test hypothesized paths between predictor, mediator and outcome variables. Subjective vitality was positively predicted by a mastery climate, harmonious passion and obsessive passion. In line with expectations, paths linking a positive mastery climate, harmonious passion and subjective vitality were also observed. Current findings illustrate the value of combining tenets of achievement goal theory (Nicholls, 1989) with the integrative sequence model of passion ((Vallerand et.al., 2003). However, the study findings also demonstrated the need for re-specification of the passion scales noticeably based on the positive relation found between obsessive passion and subjective vitality. Within the context of youth soccer, there is a need for further validation of the concepts of harmonious versus obsessive passion (Vallerand et al., 2006).

• Miller, Blake W.; Miller, Blake W.; Roberts, Glyn C. & Roberts, Glyn C. (2007). Perceived motivational climate and moral functioning in youth football: A longitudinal study. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Roberts, Glyn C. (2007). Motivation in human activity: Where are we, where are we going? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Over the past twenty years, research in sport, physical education, and exercise contexts focusing on motivation has adopted a social cognitive approach (see Roberts, et al, 2007). In particular, the achievement goal approach has become an important conceptual avenue to address motivation in physical activity. This framework is now well known. Briefly, the approach assumes the individual is an intentional, goal directed organism operating in a rational manner, and that achievement goals govern achievement beliefs and guide subsequent decision making and behavior in achievement contexts. It is argued that in order to understand the motivation of individuals, the function and meaning of the achievement behavior to the individual must be taken into account, and the goal of action understood. By so recognizing the meaning of behavior, it becomes clear that there are multiple goals of action, not one. Thus, variation of behavior may not be the manifestation of high or low motivation per se, but the expression of different perceptions of appropriate goals.

• Roberts, Glyn C. (2007). Motivation and achievement in sport: Reflections on 25 years of achievement goal theory research. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There are two important conclusions from the research. The first one is that performance/ego goals are more likely to lead to maladaptive achievement behavior, especially when participants perceive competence to be low, are concerned with failure, or invested in protecting self worth. In such circumstances the evidence is quite clear, motivation ebbs, task investment is low, persistence is low, performance suffers, satisfaction and enjoyment are lower, and participants feel more negatively about themselves and the achievement context. But this does not mean that ego oriented goals are always negative; in some situations for some people they are positive. When one has a performance approach goal, or has an ego (or performance) goal with high perception of competence, then such goals are facilitative of achievement and function as motivating constructs. But even then, performance (ego) goals are more ¿fragile¿, and can lead to maladaptive achievement striving as context information is processed. Second, the research is unequivocal that task (mastery) goals are adaptive. When task involved or participants perceive mastery criteria in the context, then motivation is optimized, participants are invested in the task, persist longer, performance is higher, satisfaction and enjoyment are higher, and participants feel more positively about themselves and the task. Being task involved has been consistently associated with desirable cognitive and affective responses. The research is now clear that if we wish to optimize motivation in physical activity we ought to promote task involvement. It does not matter whether we do it through enhancing socialization experiences so that the individual has a task goal orientation and is naturally task involved, or we structure the physical activity context to be more task involving. The evidence has led many sport psychologists to conclude that task involvement better enables learners to manage motivation in the sport experience. Consequently, they have urged those involved in pedagogy to promote task involvement as well as develop mastery-oriented environments in order to facilitate effective motivational patterns for all participants, even if the individuals are high in ego orientation.

• Roberts, Glyn C. (2007). Sport psychology trends in Europe. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There is a ¿changing of the guard¿ in sport psychology! In the USA, long the leader of sport psychology research and practice, we have a systematic dismantling of the area of sport psychology in the major universities. The ¿Research 1¿ Universities, the major research and academic powerhouses of academe in the USA, are moving from sport psychology work and practice to exercise and health psychology. It is a simple matter of economics! Exercise and health psychology are ¿fundable¿, sport psychology is not! Therefore, in sport psychology we have a shift away from the major research universities to the less academic second rank state universities. And, at these lesser universities, the emphasis is less on research on conceptual issues that attempt to understand and explain phenomena, but more on applied issues and in descriptive work. The work from the US is getting less interesting from an academic point of view, with notable exceptions. The shift in Europe has been the opposite! The area of sport psychology in Europe has grown and is being conducted at major universities, and the emphasis is on both applied and conceptual answers to questions. The research work here has grown more interesting and meaningful, with a few notable exceptions! There has been a shift in the centre of gravity of quality research effort in sport psychology from the US to Europe. It is European universities that now do most of the innovative research in sport psychology!

• Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas; Roberts, Glyn C.; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Abrahamsen, Frank Eirik (2007). Passion and the motivational patterns of youth football players. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Recent research investigating passion in sport participants (see Vallerand et al., 2006) reveals that harmonious and obsessive passions represent a great source of motivation for sport involvement. However, while harmonious passion has been associated with adaptive achievement striving, obsessive passion has been linked to maladaptive achievement outcomes such as increased stress and negative affect, interpersonal conflicts and unhealthy sport persistence. The present study was designed to examine the contribution of two types of passion (Vallerand et al., 2003) in predicting the perfectionist dispositions, the achievement goals as well as the perception of the team motivational climate of youth elite soccer players. Participants were 283 competitive football players (M= 177; F=106; 12-16 y/o) competing in the Norway Cup International Football Tournament. Findings revealed that young football players demonstrating high levels of obsessive passion for their sport reported having high personal standards as well as feeling concerned about making mistakes when playing football, these athletes were high ego orientation and perceived the team motivational climate as being performance oriented. When athletes balanced their obsessive passion with a high sense of harmonious passion, they expressed being simultaneously high in task and ego orientation, they also felt they had high personal standards when playing football and perceived the team climate as being mastery oriented. The findings support a dualistic model of passion in sports (Vallerand et al., 2006). Harmonious and obsessive passion yields qualitatively different motivational patterns in youth football participants.

• Roberts, Glyn C. (2007). Understanding motivation and motivational processes. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Understanding and enhancing motivation is one of the most central concerns of human affairs. Research on motivation is very varied, and crosses many disciplines. Research in psychology addresses the role of motivation in individual lives, especially when addressing motivation in achievement contexts. Research trying to understand the motivational equation is one of the most prolific in the psychological sciences. Motivation in psychology has usually taken the form of managing the motivation of others, which is often the concern of the parent, the teacher or the coach, or of managing one's own motivation. Motivation is a very overused and vague term. It is defined so broadly by some as to incorporate the whole field of psychology, or so narrowly by others as to be almost useless as an organizing construct. There are almost as many definitions as there are theorists. The solution for many has been to abandon the term and use descriptions of cognitive processes such as self-regulation or self-systems or discuss processes such as personal goals or goal setting or emotional processes. To understand motivation, we must make an attempt to understand the processes that drive the concept.

• Roberts, Glyn C. (2007). Enhancing motivation. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  One of the most difficult aspects of motivation is the systematic enhancement of achievement behaviour, especially of young athletes. There are many constructs that are relevant to the ongoing stream of achievement behavior, cognition, and affect. The issue remains, however, of how to enhance motivation. Although individual remediation to enhance the quality of motivation by affecting change in an individual¿s dispositional goal orientation or through goal setting structures may be effective, to concentrate on individual change only is not appropriate when environmental factors also play such a large role. Even though we know a great deal these days, information to enhance motivation and foster adaptive achievement behaviors still needs to be developed. To this end, a growing body of literature exists to suggest that the teacher/coach/parent/spouse plays an active role in the construction of individuals¿ perceptions of the motivational climate and, consequently, the quality of their motivation. I discuss this literature, and then discuss means through which we can enhance the quality of motivation for athletes in sport.

• Sisjord, Mari Kristin; Roberts, Glyn C.; Ommundsen, Yngvar; Sørensen, Marit; Fasting, Kari & Miller, Blake W. (2007). Trivsel, vennskap og mobbing i idretten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Roberts, Glyn C. (2006). Motivation as a process: Understanding and enhancing the motivation of individuals. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A summary of the research in achievement goal theory.

• Roberts, Glyn C. (2006). Reflections on 25 years of achievement goal research in sport and physical activity. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A short summary of the findings of research into achievement goal theory, and the future directions of research.

• Roberts, Glyn C. (2006). Motivational outcomes in sport: Achievement goals and peer relationships, burn-out, and cheating. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A presentation looking at some of the behavioural outcomes of sport participation, and the role of the motivational climate created by coaches on those outcomes. In general, the more mastery oriented the climate, the better were peer relationships, there was less symptoms of burn-out, and there was less cheating. This speaks sharply to the role of the coach in affecting these outcomes.

• Maro, Cyprian; Roberts, Glyn C. & Sørensen, Marit (2006). An intervention to promote AIDS education: The use of peer coaches in football. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A presentation in the invited symposium titled: The role of sport psychology in improving the quality of life in individuals and communities. The presentation discussed the research project in Tanzania where football was being used to attract at risk children to an AIDS education project. The research illustrated that sport can be an important contributor to AIDS education.

• Roberts, Glyn C. (2006). Reflections on 25 years of achievement goal theory in sport and physical activity. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  An invited symposium presentation where I discussed the research emanating from achievement goal research and from the hierarchical model and compared and contrasted the two research traditions.

• Kristiansen, Elsa & Roberts, Glyn C. (2006). Religion as a coping strategy among elite wrestlers. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Coping with the stress of elite competition is an aspect all athletes must learn. Many unforeseen distractions can occur during a match, so being able to focus on the present and the next move may be one way of succeeding. The purpose of the present study within sport psychology was to investigate whether nationality had an effect on use of coping strategies. Methods used in the study were quantitative questionnaire (Brief COPE, Carver, 1997) and qualitative interviews, and the interviews were conducted during training camps and major competitions in Norway, Sweden and Poland (N=8). The wrestlers were similar in most of their responses; routines, visualizations and using problem-solving coping strategies are important in order to perform well. However, the results uncover that the importance of religion makes a difference between the Roman-Catholic Polish and the Scandinavian wrestlers. Personal belief functions as an additional strategy for the Polish wrestlers.

• Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas; Treasure, Darren C. & Roberts, Glyn C. (2006). A qualitative account of the factors linked to symptoms of overtraining and burnout in elite athletes. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology (JSEP). ISSN 0895-2779. s. 111–112. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Roberts, Glyn C.; Maro, Cyprian & Sørensen, Marit (2006). The effect of task involvement on AIDS education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  An invited symposium presentation in the symposium entitled: The role of sport psychology in improving the quality of life in individuals and communities. We discussed the effect a mastery climate had on the education of at risk youths in Tanzania. In essence, a mastery climate enhanced the effectiveness of AIDS education through the medium of sport.

• Roberts, Glyn C. (2006). On being global citizens in sport psychology. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  An invited response to the symposium entitled: Global citizens of imagined communities: Toward the culturally competent practice of sport psychology.

• Hatfield, Johannes Lunde; Roberts, Glyn & Lemyre, Pierre-Nicolas (2022). Peak Performance. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780190058890. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190058869.013.3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Loland, Sigmund; Bø, Kari; Fasting, Kari; Hallén, Jostein; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Roberts, Glyn [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2009). Book of Abstracts of the 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science, 24-27 June. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: An increased risk for drowning is seen in males, particularly since they may overestimate their abilities, compared to women. Moran (2008) has found gender differences in New Zealand, particularly that men overestimate their ability and women underestimate their ability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the gender differences of practical swimming skills and self reported perception of swimming competence. Methods: Eighty one (81) university students were asked to fill out a questionnaire and also to perform practical tests of their swimming competence. The questions addressed their perceived competence (in a pool), their perception of whether they could perform as well outdoors in open water, and their perception of risk in five risk scenarios. The practical tests covered seven essential skills. The Mann ? Whitney U test was employed to examine statistical differences. A 0.05 level of confidence was accepted as significant. Results and Discussion: Of the seven practical tests, four showed a significant gender difference: floating ability, entry dive from pool deck, surface dive to 2m depth, and rescue towing. In every case, the women performed better than the men. Self reported perception of competence showed significant gender differences for only three of 21 items. The women reported greater competence than the men for ?the ability to stay afloat in deep water without support?, while the men reported greater competence for ?surface dive to the bottom of the deep end of the pool (4m). Eighty percent of the men reported that surface diving would be easy/very easy, while only 62% of the women reported the same. Interestingly, the women both reported greater competence and actually demonstrated greater competence than the men on the floating test. On the other hand, while the women actually performed better on surface diving, the men reported the perception that they were more competent in this skill. Lastly, there were no significant gender differences in perceived risk for the five risk scenarios. Conclusions It can be concluded that there are few gender differences both in practical and perceived ability in Norway. It does not support the hypothesis that a possible gender difference makes males more susceptible for drowning. References Moran, K. (2008). Will they sink or swim? New Zealand youth water safety knowledge and skills. Int. Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, 2(2), 114-127

• Loland, Sigmund; Bø, Kari; Fasting, Kari; Hallén, Jostein; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Roberts, Glyn [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2009). 14th annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science. The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Autobiographies of prominent environmentalists show that their early lives have been rich in personal experiences of nature. Notably, the early childhood experiences of philosopher and climber Arne Næss (1912-2009) inspired the development of the philosophy of deep ecology, which influenced the emergence of friluftsliv ¿ literarily free-air life - as environmental pedagogy in the 1970s. As a subject friluftsliv was though underpinned by the notion of identification with nature, and this empathy was intended to induce people to act protectively towards nature, not because ¿they think they ought to but because they feel inclined to¿. This article contributes to the understanding of complex, empathetic relationships to nature by analyzing the significance of nature and friluftsliv in the life-worlds of young Norwegians. In 2001 and 2006 nearly 200 youths aged 15 to 19, living in the sub-Arctic, a suburb of Oslo, and a southern seaside holiday site, wrote essays on their experiences of ¿nature¿. The question was an open one but stimulated a biographical approach. The youth emphasize intimate experiences of ¿the nature¿ from early childhood; connected to playing freely in neighborhoods and hiking with family and friends. They express a love for their native ¿natural worlds¿. Despite the fact that ¿nature means a lot¿ the relations to nature have at the time of writing become distanced. When looking into the future, they often dream of living close to ¿natural areas¿, which is not seen antagonistic to urban lifestyles. If they have children, they want them to grow up with the same freedom to play outside as they themselves have enjoyed. The youth are concerned about litter and reflect on ¿nature¿s life-giving significance¿, often expressed abstractly as something ¿we must of course take care of¿. However, the ways in which the youth are acting towards ¿the nature¿, e.g. activities performed and technology used, represent broad cultural diversity. In this paper, processes of self-formation nurtured by close contact with nature are discussed as naturalized embodied experiences, which have also been informed by stories on how nature should be perceived, treated and nurtured. Theories on the ecological self are critiqued for not taking socio-cultural relations into account. This study indicates that it is interrelationships between ecological processes, socio-cultural relations and transforming selves that underpin young people¿s acting towards and diverse feelings of nurturing for nature.

• Loland, Sigmund; Bø, Kari; Fasting, Kari; Hallén, Jostein; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Roberts, Glyn [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2009). Book of Abstract. Sport Sciences: Nature, Nurture and Culture. 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport sciences. Oslo/Norway, June 24-27, 2009. European College of Sport Sceince. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In a political situation where it is stressed that defense planning cannot be carried out based on one specific idea as to what kind of threats might face the armed forces in the future, and it is emphasized that the armed forces must adapt to a complex, unpredictable and rapid threat image, it is still desired to select, recruit and educate "the best soldier". It is therefore relevant to question the types of criteria used as a basis for evaluating the soldier's performance, and how "the best soldier" is to be understood when the task is unknown. This problem area was investigated by exploring two questions and the relation between them: 1. Which criteria form the basis for judging who "the best soldiers" are today? 2. Do the soldiers considered to be "the best" have any similarities in their background experience that may help to explain why they are "best"? The study is based on a hermeneutic-phenomenological interpretation of qualitative material structured and interpreted with the inspiration of Pierre Bourdieu's habitus-, capital- and field theory. The study conclude that "The best soldiers" must be understood as a constructed idea constantly reconstructed in an interaction between historical and cultural structures and the agents' interests and practices. This study can contribute to an expanded and critical understanding of the constructions that are made. It also has demonstrated that Bourdieus models represent a suitable tool for analyzing soldiers in a military field for future research.

• Loland, Sigmund; Bø, Kari; Fasting, Kari; Hallén, Jostein; Ommundsen, Yngvar & Roberts, Glyn [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2009). Book of Abstract. Sport Sciences: Nature, Nurture and Culture. 14th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science. ECSS/Norwegian School of Sport Sciences. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Since the establishment of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999 the number of actors involved in anti-doping activity has increased and the credibility of testing has improved. The aim of this paper is to (i) analyze how the different units have become increasingly interconnected, and (ii) present some suggestions to redistribute tasks between the actors. The role of international federations (IFs) will be emphasized.

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