Kristin Lundanes Jonvik

• Solhaug, E. M.; Ødemark, Hege Nymo; Raastad, Truls; Vikmoen, Olav & Jonvik, Kristin Lundanes (2026). Poor skeleton in the peloton: High prevalence of low bone mineral density and suboptimal vitamin D status in elite male cyclists. Science & sports. ISSN 0765-1597. 41(5-6), p. 463–469. doi: 10.1016/j.scispo.2026.01.012. Full text in Research Archive
• Øistuen, Gina Flugstad; Osborne, John Owen; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn; Noordhof, Dionne; Taylor, Madison Y. & Heikura, Ida [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2026). Menstrual status and bone health in athletes from different sports – a retrospective analysis. BMC sports science, medicine and rehabilitation. doi: 10.1186/s13102-026-01781-y. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract Background Relative energy deficiency in sport (REDs) is linked to low energy availability, menstrual disturbances (MD) and low bone mineral density (BMD; Z-score < -1.0). The prevalence of these symptoms across sports and their interrelationships requires further investigation. This study aimed to 1) investigate the prevalence of severe MD and low BMD among athletes from different sports, 2) compare BMD Z-scores at lumbar spine, total hip and whole-body between regularly menstruating (RM), severe MD and hormonal contraceptive (HC) users, and 3) examine factors related to BMD among endurance athletes, including menstrual status, athletic caliber and sport-specific loading characteristics. Methods Retrospective analysis of cross-sectional data from seven projects included 411 women from 34 sports (endurance: n = 257; non-endurance: n = 154). BMD was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Menstrual status was defined by the three-step method, cycle tracking or questionnaire, and categorized as RM, severe MD or HC. Endurance sports were further grouped by loading characteristics (very low, low and medium). Results Among non-HC users (51%), the prevalence of severe MD was 37% in endurance, 34% in ball sport and 36% in power- and technical- sports. BMD was not different between menstrual status groups at either lumbar spine ( P  = 0.334), total hip ( P  = 0.079) or whole-body ( P  = 0.164). Endurance athletes had lower lumbar spine BMD Z-scores than non-endurance athletes (-0.0 ± 1.0 vs 1.2 ± 1.2, P  < 0.0001), with a higher prevalence of low BMD (17% vs 2%, P  = 0.015). Total hip BMD Z-scores were lower in endurance than non-endurance athletes (0.6 ± 0.9 vs 1.4 ± 1.2, P  < 0.05 for age < 27). Among endurance athletes, neither loading characteristics nor athletic caliber were associated with BMD. However, endurance athletes with severe MD had lower total hip BMD Z-scores compared to RM athletes ( P  = 0.008) and HC users ( P  = 0.021). Conclusions The prevalence of severe MD did not differ between sport types. Overall, BMD Z-scores did not differ across menstrual status categories. However, endurance athletes had lower BMD, with total hip BMD being lower in those with severe MD. Heterogenous menstrual assessment methods across the projects included in this study may have impacted the results. Future research should integrate comprehensive REDs assessments including detailed data on menstrual status, training history, bone-loading impact and injuries in female athletes from different sports.

• Risvang, Linn Christin; Dijk, Jan Willem van; Baumgart, Julia Kathrin; Rice, Hannah; Liljegren, Anja M.F. & Strøm, Vegard [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). High prevalence of low bone mineral density in wheelchair users regardless of sports participation: a cross-sectional analysis of the bonewheel study. European Journal of Applied Physiology. ISSN 1439-6319. p. 1–14. doi: 10.1007/s00421-025-06109-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose Wheelchair users are at increased risk of low bone mineral density (BMD). While BMD varies by sport among Paralympic athletes, it remains unclear whether sports participation protects against low BMD in the impaired population. This study compared BMD at several skeletal sites between sports-active and non-sports-active wheelchair users. Methods This study presents cross-sectional analyses of adult (18–60 years) wheelchair users with non-progressive impairments recruited for a subsequent multi-site intervention study. BMD and body composition were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Low BMD was defined as Z-score <–1.0. Multiple linear regression models assessed differences between sports-active (≥ 1 year organised; ≥3 training hours per week) and non-sports-active participants, and associations with impairment and exercise characteristics, and body composition. Results Sixty-three wheelchair users (age 37 ± 11 years; 41% female; 48% sports-active; 49% with acquired impairments) were included. Low BMD was prevalent in 33%, 81% and 77% at the spine, hip and femoral neck, respectively. Low BMD at the hip was less prevalent in sports-active compared to non-sports-active (p = 0.013), without differences in any BMD Z-score models (all p > 0.05). Acquired impairments was positively associated with lumbar spine BMD (p = 0.034), while full-time wheelchair use was negatively associated with femoral neck BMD (p = 0.036). Impairments and SCIM scores were associated with hip BMD (both p < 0.05). Conclusion Notably high prevalences of low BMD was found in this study, particularly at the hip and regardless of sports participation. Impairments and ambulatory ability appear the most influential on BMD. Targeted exercise interventions for bone health are warranted in this population.

• Weijer, Vera C. R.; Jonvik, Kristin Lundanes; Dam, Lotte Van; Risvang, Linn; Plasqui, Guy & Sandbakk, Øyvind Bucher [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Energy Requirements of Paralympic Athletes: Insights from the Doubly Labeled Water Approach. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. 56(5), p. 963–971. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003379. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Purpose: Advanced insight in energy requirements of Paralympic athletes is imperative for optimizing their nutritional counseling. Given the lack of accurate data on total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) of Paralympic athletes, this study aimed to assess energy expenditure and nutritional intake of a large cohort of Paralympic athletes, across different sports and disabilities. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 48 Dutch and Norwegian Paralympic athletes (19 male/29 female) with various disabilities, competing in Para cycling, wheelchair tennis, wheelchair basketball, Para Nordic skiing, and alpine skiing participated. TDEE was assessed by the gold standard doubly labeled water method over a 14-d period, resting metabolic rate by ventilated hood indirect calorimetry, energy intake by three unannounced 24-h dietary recalls, body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and exercise training duration by a training log. Results: Mean TDEE was 2908 ± 797 kcal·d−1, ranging from 2322 ± 340 kcal·d−1 for wheelchair basketball players to 3607 ± 1001 kcal·d−1 for Para cyclists. Regression analysis identified fat-free mass, exercise duration, and the presence of a spinal cord disorder as the primary predictors of TDEE, explaining up to 73% of the variance in TDEE. Athletes’ energy intake (2363 ± 905 kcal·d−1) was below their TDEE, whereas their body mass remained constant, indicating underreporting. Carbohydrate intake (4.1 ± 1.9 g·kg−1 body mass) was low, even when considering underreporting, whereas protein intake (1.8 ± 0.6 g·kg−1 body mass) was relatively high. Conclusions: Paralympic athletes display moderate- to high-energy expenditure, varying across sports and individuals. Much of the variation in TDEE can be attributed to individual differences in fat-free mass and exercise duration. This study establishes the benchmarks for energy requirements of Paralympic athletes, serving as the foundation for future dietary guidelines within this population.

• Weijer, Vera C.R.; Dijk, Jan-Willem van; Dam, Lotte van; Risvang, Linn; Bons, Judith & Raastad, Truls [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Do Paralympic athletes suffer from brittle bones? Prevalence and risk factors of low bone mineral density in Paralympic athletes. Bone Reports. 21. doi: 10.1016/j.bonr.2024.101767. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Bone health may be a concern in Paralympic athletes, given the presence of multiple risk factors predisposing these athletes to low bone mineral density (BMD). Objective: We aimed to assess the prevalence of low BMD among Paralympic athletes participating in various sport disciplines, and to identify potential risk factors for low BMD. Conclusions: In this cohort of Paralympic athletes, low BMD is mainly present at the hip, and to a lesser extent at the whole-body and lumbar spine. The most prominent risk factors for low BMD in Paralympic athletes are related to mechanical loading patterns, including wheelchair use, the type of sport, and body mass.

• Weijer, Vera C.R.; Jonvik, Kristin Lundanes; Dam, Lotte van; Risvang, Linn; Raastad, Truls & Loon, Luc J.C. van [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Measured and Predicted Resting Metabolic Rate of Dutch and Norwegian Paralympic Athletes. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. ISSN 2212-2672. 125(2), p. 217–227. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2024.05.010. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Although resting metabolic rate (RMR) is crucial for understanding athletes’ energy requirements, limited information is available on the RMR of Paralympic athletes. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine RMR and its predictors in a diverse cohort of Paralympic athletes and evaluate the agreement between measured and predicted RMR from both newly developed and pre-existing equations. Design: This cross-sectional study, conducted between September 2020 and September 2022 in the Netherlands and Norway, assessed RMR in Paralympic athletes by means of ventilated hood indirect calorimetry and body composition by means of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Participants: Sixty-seven Paralympic athletes (male: n = 37; female: n = 30) competing in various sports, with a spinal cord disorder (n = 22), neurologic condition (n = 8), limb deficiency (n = 18), visual or hearing impairment (n = 7), or other disability (n = 12) participated. Main outcome measures: RMR, fat-free mass (FFM), body mass, and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were assessed. Statistical analyses: Multiple regression analyses were conducted with height, FFM, body mass, sex, T3 concentration, and disabilities as potential predictors of RMR. Differences between measured and predicted RMRs were analyzed for individual accuracy, root mean square error, and intraclass correlation. Results: Mean ± SD RMR was 1386 ± 258 kcal/d for females and 1686 ± 302 kcal/d for males. Regression analysis identified FFM, T3 concentrations, and the presence of a spinal cord disorder, as the main predictors of RMR (adjusted R2 = 0.71; F = 50.3; P ＜ .001). The novel prediction equations based on these data, as well as pre-existing equations of Chun and colleagues and Nightingale and Gorgey performed well on accuracy (＞60% of participants within 10% of measured RMR), had good reliability (intraclass correlation ＞0.78), and low root mean square error (≤141 kcal). Conclusions: FFM, total T3 concentrations, and presence of spinal cord disorder are the main predictors of RMR in Paralympic athletes. Both the current study’s prediction equations and those from Chun and colleagues and Nightingale and Gorgey align well with measured RMR, offering accurate prediction equations for the RMR of Paralympic athletes.

• Jonvik, Kristin Lundanes; King, Michelle; Rollo, Ian; Stellingwerff, Trent & Pitsiladis, Yannis (2022). New Opportunities to Advance the Field of Sports Nutrition. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 4. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2022.852230. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Sports nutrition is a relatively new discipline; with ~100 published papers/year in the 1990s to ~3,500+ papers/year today. Historically, sports nutrition research was primarily initiated by university-based exercise physiologists who developed new methodologies that could be impacted by nutrition interventions (e.g., carbohydrate/fat oxidation by whole body calorimetry and muscle glycogen by muscle biopsies). Application of these methods in seminal studies helped develop current sports nutrition guidelines as compiled in several expert consensus statements. Despite this wealth of knowledge, a limitation of the current evidence is the lack of appropriate intervention studies (e.g., randomized controlled clinical trials) in elite athlete populations that are ecologically valid (e.g., in real-life training and competition settings). Over the last decade, there has been an explosion of sports science technologies, methodologies, and innovations. Some of these recent advances are field-based, thus, providing the opportunity to accelerate the application of ecologically valid personalized sports nutrition interventions. Conversely, the acceleration of novel technologies and commercial solutions, especially in the field of biotechnology and software/app development, has far outstripped the scientific communities' ability to validate the effectiveness and utility of the vast majority of these new commercial technologies. This mini-review will highlight historical and present innovations with particular focus on technological innovations in sports nutrition that are expected to advance the field into the future. Indeed, the development and sharing of more “big data,” integrating field-based measurements, resulting in more ecologically valid evidence for efficacy and personalized prescriptions, are all future key opportunities to further advance the field of sports nutrition.

• Jonvik, Kristin Lundanes; Vardardottir, Birna & Broad, Elizabeth (2022). How Do We Assess Energy Availability and RED-S Risk Factors in Para Athletes? Nutrients. 14(5). doi: 10.3390/nu14051068. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Low energy availability (LEA) is considered to be the underlying cause of a number of maladaptations in athletes, including impaired physiological function, low bone mineral density (BMD), and hormonal dysfunction. This is collectively referred to as ‘Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport’ (RED-S). LEA is calculated through assessment of dietary energy intake (EI), exercise energy expenditure (EEE) and fat-free mass (FFM). The incidence of LEA in Paralympic athletes is relatively unknown; however, there are legitimate concerns that Para athletes may be at even higher risk of LEA than able-bodied athletes. Unfortunately, there are numerous issues with the application of LEA assessment tools and the criterion for diagnosis within the context of a Para population. The calculation of EEE, in particular, is limited by a distinct lack of published data that cover a range of impairments and activities. In addition, for several RED-S-related factors, it is difficult to distinguish whether they are truly related to LEA or a consequence of the athlete’s impairment and medical history. This narrative review outlines deficits and complexities when assessing RED-S and LEA in Para athletes, presents the information that we do have, and provides suggestions for future progress in this important area of sports nutrition.

• Venrooij, Niek F.J. van; Wardenaar, Floris C.; Hoogervorst, Daan; Senden, Joan M.G.; Dijk, Jan-Willem van & Jonvik, Kristin Lundanes (2022). The association between gastrointestinal injury, complaints, and food intake in 60-km ultramarathon runners. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism. ISSN 1715-5312. 47(5), p. 547–554. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0711. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We aimed to assess the association between gastrointestinal (GI) injury, complaints, and food intake in 60-km ultramarathon runners. Thirty-three ultramarathon runners provided pre- and post-race blood samples for assessment of GI injury by intestinal fatty-acid binding protein (I-FABP), and inflammatory response by interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP). GI complaints and nutritional intake were reported by a post-race questionnaire. GI complaints were reported by 73% of the runners, of which 20% reported 1 or 2 severe complaints. IL-6, IL8, TNF-α, and CRP increased significantly from pre- to post-race (P < 0.001 for all biomarkers), while I-FABP did not (1375 [IQR: 1264–2073] to 1726 [IQR: 985–3287] pg/mL; P = 0.330). The ‘GI complaints score’, as the integral of the number and severity of GI complaints, did not correlate with ΔI-FABP (rs: –0.050, P = 0.790) or energy intake (rs: 0.211, P = 0.260). However, there was a significant negative correlation between energy intake and ΔI-FABP (rs: –0.388, P = 0.031). In conclusion, GI complaints were neither associated with food intake nor GI injury as assessed by plasma I-FABP response. Energy intake, however, was inversely related to the I-FABP response to exercise. This finding suggests that substantial energy intakes during exercise may prevent exercise-induced GI injury as assessed by the I-FABP response.

• Shannon, Oliver M.; Allen, Jason D.; Bescos, Raul; Burke, Louise; Clifford, Tom & Easton, Chris [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2022). Dietary Inorganic Nitrate as an Ergogenic Aid: An Expert Consensus Derived via the Modified Delphi Technique. Sports Medicine. ISSN 0112-1642. 52(10), p. 2537–2558. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01701-3. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Dietary inorganic nitrate is a popular nutritional supplement, which increases nitric oxide bioavailability and may improve exercise performance. Despite over a decade of research into the effects of dietary nitrate supplementation during exercise there is currently no expert consensus on how, when and for whom this compound could be recommended as an ergogenic aid. Moreover, there is no consensus on the safe administration of dietary nitrate as an ergogenic aid. This study aimed to address these research gaps. Methods: The modified Delphi technique was used to establish the views of 12 expert panel members on the use of dietary nitrate as an ergogenic aid. Over three iterative rounds (two via questionnaire and one via videoconferencing), the expert panel members voted on 222 statements relating to dietary nitrate as an ergogenic aid. Consensus was reached when > 80% of the panel provided the same answer (i.e. yes or no). Statements for which > 80% of the panel cast a vote of insufficient evidence were categorised as such and removed from further voting. These statements were subsequently used to identify directions for future research. Results: The 12 panel members contributed to voting in all three rounds. A total of 39 statements (17.6%) reached consensus across the three rounds (20 yes, 19 no). In round one, 21 statements reached consensus (11 yes, 10 no). In round two, seven further statements reached consensus (4 yes, 3 no). In round three, an additional 11 statements reached consensus (5 yes, 6 no). The panel agreed that there was insufficient evidence for 134 (60.4%) of the statements, and were unable to agree on the outcome of the remaining statements. Conclusions: This study provides information on the current expert consensus on dietary nitrate, which may be of value to athletes, coaches, practitioners and researchers. The effects of dietary nitrate appear to be diminished in individuals with a higher aerobic fitness (peak oxygen consumption [V̇O2peak] > 60 ml/kg/min), and therefore, aerobic fitness should be taken into account when considering use of dietary nitrate as an ergogenic aid. It is recommended that athletes looking to benefit from dietary nitrate supplementation should consume 8–16 mmol nitrate acutely or 4–16 mmol/day nitrate chronically (with the final dose ingested 2–4 h pre-exercise) to maximise ergogenic effects, taking into consideration that, from a safety perspective, athletes may be best advised to increase their intake of nitrate via vegetables and vegetable juices. Acute nitrate supplementation up to ~ 16 mmol is believed to be safe, although the safety of chronic nitrate supplementation requires further investigation. The expert panel agreed that there was insufficient evidence for most of the appraised statements, highlighting the need for future research in this area.

• Jonvik, Kristin Lundanes; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn & Mathisen, Therese Fostervold (2022). Last Word on Viewpoint: Do we need to change the guideline values for determining low bone mineral density in athletes? Journal of applied physiology. ISSN 8750-7587. 132(5), p. 1325–1326. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00227.2022. Full text in Research Archive
• Jonvik, Kristin Lundanes; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn & Mathisen, Therese Fostervold (2022). Do we need to change the guideline values for determining low bone mineral density in athletes? [Viewpoint]. Journal of applied physiology. ISSN 8750-7587. 132(5), p. 1320–1322. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00851.2021. Full text in Research Archive
• Jones, Andrew M.; Vanhatalo, Anni; Seals, Douglas R.; Rossman, Matthew J.; Piknova, Barbora & Jonvik, Kristin Lundanes (2020). Dietary Nitrate and Nitric Oxide Metabolism Mouth, Circulation, Skeletal Muscle, and Exercise Performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. ISSN 0195-9131. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002470. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signaling molecule that plays an important role in myriad physiological processes including the regulation of vascular tone, neurotransmission, mitochondrial respiration and skeletal muscle contractile function. NO may be produced via the canonical NOS-catalyzed oxidation of l-arginine and also by the sequential reduction of nitrate to nitrite and then NO. The body’s nitrate stores can be augmented by the ingestion of nitrate-rich foods (primarily green leafy vegetables). NO bioavailability is greatly enhanced by the activity of bacteria residing in the mouth which reduce nitrate to nitrite, thereby increasing the concentration of circulating nitrite which can be reduced further to NO in regions of low oxygen availability. Recent investigations have focused on promoting this nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway to positively impact indices of cardiovascular health and exercise tolerance. It has been reported that dietary nitrate supplementation with beetroot juice lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients whereas sodium nitrite supplementation improves vascular endothelial function and reduces stiffening of large elastic arteries in older humans. Nitrate supplementation has also been shown to enhance skeletal muscle function and to improve exercise performance in some circumstances. Recently, it has been established that nitrate concentration in skeletal muscle is much higher than that in blood and that muscle nitrate stores are exquisitely sensitive to dietary nitrate supplementation and deprivation. In this review, we consider the possibility that nitrate represents an essential storage form of NO and discuss the integrated function of the oral microbiome, the circulation and skeletal muscle in nitrate-nitrite-NO metabolism as well as the practical relevance for health and performance.

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• Risvang, Linn Christin; Strøm, Vegard; Dijk, Jan-Willem van; Rice, Hannah; Sandbakk, Øyvind Bucher & Bovim, Lars Peder Vatshelle [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2025). Investigating the Effects of a High-Load Resistance Training Program on Bone Health in Wheelchair Users (the BoneWheel Study): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. doi: 10.2196/70125. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Low mechanical loading of the bones of wheelchair users leads to low bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk of bone fractures and associated complications. High-load resistance training of the upper body is one way to achieve mechanical loading of the lumbar spine and the hip bones. In addition, maintaining good nutritional status with key nutrients for bone remodeling, that is, vitamin D and calcium, is important for bone accrual. Objective: This study aims to investigate the effect of 24 weeks of high-load resistance training combined with nutritional optimization on lumbar spine BMD. Secondary objectives are to investigate the effects of the intervention on (1) bone and physical health parameters, such as bone turnover blood markers, nutritional status, body composition, and maximal muscular strength, as well as (2) exercise motivation and mental health. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, we aimed to include 60 wheelchair users with nonprogressive impairments. Participants were randomly allocated to 24 weeks of either (1) high-load resistance training and nutrition optimization or (2) nutrition optimization only, stratified by sex and sport activity status. The training program consisted of 3 weekly sessions comprising 6 exercises periodized in low-, moderate-, and high-load phases. The nutritional optimization aimed to ensure sufficient intake of protein, vitamin D, and calcium. BMD and body composition; maximal muscular strength; and nutritional, physical, and mental health status were assessed at baseline, midpoint, and postintervention visits. Furthermore, follow-up assessments of a subgroup were conducted at 6 to 18 months after the intervention. This protocol was approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics South-East, Norway. Results: Recruitment occurred between November 2022 and 2023. A total of 68 wheelchair users were screened for eligibility, of whom 45 (66%) were enrolled and allocated to one of the study groups (n=24, 53% training group; n=21, 47% control group). At the midpoint and postintervention visits, 36 (n=17, 47% and n=19, 53%, respectively) and 33 (n=14, 42% and n=19, 58%, respectively) participants were assessed, respectively. Analysis of the data collected at the screening visit commenced in spring 2024, while analyses of data collected at the baseline and retest visits began in autumn 2024. Publication of the results of this study is expected by the end of 2025. Conclusions: This protocol presents the first randomized controlled trial of a high-load resistance training intervention in wheelchair users, focusing on bone, physical, and mental health. The results will contribute to new knowledge in exercise science for this population and generate novel hypotheses for future studies.

• Baumgart, Julia Kathrin; Jonvik, Kristin Lundanes; Severin, Anna Cecilia; Hrozanova, Maria & Solli, Guro Strøm (2023). Parautøveren. In Sandbakk, Øyvind Bucher; Solli, Guro Strøm & Staff, Hanne Cesilie (Ed.), Den kvinnelige idrettsutøveren. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 9788245036930. Full text in Research Archive
• Bieniek, Daniel; Jonvik, Kristin Lundanes; Stormoen, Kristiane; Lekhal, Samira; Mathisen, Therese Fostervold & Sundfør, Tine Mejlbo [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Flertallet av nordmenn tror fagpersoner er uenige om hva som er sunt. Det stemmer ikke. Full text in Research Archive
• Mathisen, Therese Fostervold; Jonvik, Kristin Lundanes & Kjellgren, Daniel (2022). "Det grønne skiftet". [Journal]. Aftenposten. Full text in Research Archive
• Jonvik, Kristin Lundanes (2021). Unknowns in endrurance nutrition. Gatorade sports science institute. Full text in Research Archive

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