Kari Fasting

• Gjesdal, Siv; Sølvberg, Nina & Fasting, Kari (2026). Typologies of co-occurring experiences of interpersonal violence among adults in Norwegian sport. Psychology of Sport And Exercise. ISSN 1469-0292. 85. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2026.103101. Full text in Research Archive
• Macdonald, Doune; Jacobs, Ira; Tsung-Min, Ernest & Fasting, Kari (2024). Is There a Global Narrative for Kinesiology? Kinesiology Review. ISSN 2161-6035. 13(1), p. 100–104. doi: 10.1123/kr.2023-0065. Full text in Research Archive
• Tuakli-Wosornu, Yetsa A.; Burrows, Kirsty; Fasting, Kari; Hartill, Mike; Hodge, Ken & Kaufman, Keith [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2024). IOC consensus statement: interpersonal violence and safeguarding in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 58(22), p. 1322–1344. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108766. Full text in Research Archive
• Sisjord, Mari Kristin; Fasting, Kari & Sand, Trond Svela (2022). Combining coaching with family life. A study of female and male elite level coaches in Norway. Sports Coaching Review. ISSN 2164-0629. doi: 10.1080/21640629.2021.1984047. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The challenges of combining work and family life has been considered a women’s issue, also reflected in research. In recent years, scholars have argued that the work-family interface may also concern male coaches. Therefore, the present study takes both genders into account. We made qualitative interview with 13 women and six men. The findings revealed similarities as well as differences. For women, support from the spouse was decisive for taking on and maintaining the position, whereas men primarily made the decisions on their own. The responsibility for childcare was far more important among the women. The male coaches seemed more traditional, except for two younger men who gave priority to the fatherhood role. The findings are discussed in relation to a multi-level model, where individual choices/practice may be understood in relation to requirements from the organisation of sport as well as gender roles in the society at large.

• Fasting, Kari; Sisjord, Mari Kristin & Sand, Trond Svela (2021). Hva skal til for å få flere kvinner som trenere i toppidretten? In Tjønndal, Anne (Eds.), Idrett, kjønn og ledelse. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 9788245035353. p. 40–55. Full text in Research Archive
• Sisjord, Mari Kristin; Fasting, Kari & Sand, Trond Svela (2021). Gendered pathways to elite coaching reflecting the accumulation of capitals. Sport, Education and Society. ISSN 1357-3322. 26(5), p. 554–566. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2020.1732904. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  While earlier research on coaches’ careers and the development of coaching expertise appears ‘gender blind’, the focus of this article on the underrepresentation of women in elite-level coaching is how various forms of capital interact in recruitment to coaching. Using Bourdieu's analytic concepts, the study explores Norwegian female and male elite-coaches’ pathways to coaching positions with respect to qualifications and recruitment procedures. Qualifications are understood as being both individual athletic performance level (physical and symbolic capital) and coaching education (cultural capital). Qualitative interviews were completed with 24 female and 12 male elite-level coaches. The findings revealed that relatively more women than men had previously been elite-level athletes. The majority of the participants had coaching education from the sports organisations, while a few had coaching education from their university studies. Relative to gender, two men had no coaching education and several women had completed a programme developed by the sport organisations – with the aim of increasing women's participation in elite-level coaching. Recruitment of coaches seemed to happen through informal channels, which indicates the benefits of social capital acquired through acquaintances and social networks. This indicates symbolic capital in terms of individual athletic achievement. The use of Bourdieu’s analytic concept of capital and the ‘labyrinth’ metaphor facilitated identification and understanding of the longer pathways and challenges women must negotiate on their way to elite-level coaching positions when compared to men. The article closes with the implications of the findings, with particular attention to coaching education and the recruitment/employment procedures of coaches.

• Fasting, Kari (2021). Non-accidental violence in sports. In Pike, Elizabeth (Eds.), Research Handbook on Sports and Society. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISSN 9781789903591. p. 337–351. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari; Sand, Trond Svela & Nordstrand, Hilde Rørvik (2019). One of the few: the experiences of female elite-level coaches in Norwegian football. Soccer and Society. ISSN 1466-0970. 20(3), p. 454–470. doi: 10.1080/14660970.2017.1331163. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of this article is to explore the experiences of female elite-level Norwegian coaches in football. More precisely, we wanted to find out the meaning of gender for these coaches’ football experiences. The results presented are based on five in-depth interviews with female elite-level coaches between 36 and 50 years of age. A feminist cultural and a gender perspective are used to understand and discuss the findings. As shown in other studies, the culture of football in Norway is very gendered. This has an impact on the female football coaches’ experiences, both in relation to how they perceive their own role, their coach education and with respect to their self-confidence and how they look upon their own chances in the job market. As a group, they represent a form of pariah femininity, and very little resistance femininity and a liberal feminist perspective, i.e. equality on the men’s premises.

• Fasting, Kari (2019). Sports, gender, and development. In Maguire, Joseph; Falcous, Mark & Liston, Katie (Ed.), The Business and Culture of Sports: Society, Politics, Economy, Environment. Macmillan Publishers Ltd.. ISSN 9780028664989. p. 355–369. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Business and Culture of Sports: Society, Politics, Economy, Environment is a peer-reviewed, academic volume that has one Editor in Chief, Joseph A. Maguire, and two Associate Editors, Mark Falcous and Katie Liston. The Business and Culture of Sports provides global perspectives on such topics as the sustainable design of sports stadiums, the use of social media and advertising in sports marketing, the economic impact on cities hosting mega events, sports governance models, the Olympic and Paralympic Games, coaching and player development, gender representation in sports, sports violence and injury, and many others. Though aimed primarily at undergraduate students, this set is also a valuable resource for high school students as well as a general audience interested in the expanding world of sports studies.

• Fasting, Kari & Sisjord, Mari Kristin (2019). Norway : gender, governance and the impact of quota regulations. In Elling, Agnes; Hovden, Jorid & Knoppers, Annelies (Ed.), Gender Diversity in European Sport Governance. Routledge. ISSN 9781138070530. p. 131–140. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari; Sand, Trond Svela & Sisjord, Mari Kristin (2018). Coach-athlete sexual relationships: Coaches' opinions. International journal of sports science & coaching. ISSN 1747-9541. 13(4), p. 463–470. doi: 10.1177/1747954117753807. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The focus of this article is the opinions and attitudes towards coach–athlete sexual relationships presented through the voices of female (n = 24) and male (n = 12) elite-level coaches in Norway. The results are based on in-depth interviews and the data were developed around the following question: “There are examples of athletes that fall in love with their coach and about sexual relationships between a coach and an athlete—what are your reflections around such coach–athlete relationships?” The coaches found such relationships very problematic and unacceptable. When it occurs, openness, i.e. to talk about it, is important. But the rule of thumb was that the coach–athlete relationship had to come to an end. In their elite-coaching role, these coaches believed it is important to have strict rules and clear boundaries. Furthermore, they should be aware of the power that they have and not exploit it. The results are discussed with respect to the professionalization of the coaching role, and the importance of including ethics in the education of coaches.

• Rones, Nina & Fasting, Kari (2017). Theorizing Military Masculinities and National Identities: The Norwegian Experience. In Woodward, Rachel & Duncanson, Clarie (Ed.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Gender and the Military. Palgrave Macmillan. ISSN 9781137516770. p. 145–162. doi: 10.1057/978-1-137-51677-0_9. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2017). Gender, sexual harassment and abuse in sport. In Sobiech, Gabriele & Günter, Sandra (Ed.), Sport & Gender - (inter)nationale sportsoziologische Geschlechterforschung. Springer. ISSN 9783658130978. p. 167–177. doi: 10.1007/978-3-658-13098-5_12. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2017). Breaking the gender stereotypes in sports. In Doll-Tepper, Gudrun; Koenen, Katrin & Bailey, Richard (Ed.), Sport, education and social policy : the state of the social sciences of sport. Routledge. ISSN 9781138223431. p. 5–18. Full text in Research Archive
• Langnes, Tonje Fjogstad & Fasting, Kari (2017). Gender constructions in breaking. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics. ISSN 1743-0437. 20(11), p. 1596–1611. doi: 10.1080/17430437.2017.1284809. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Drawing on the perspectives of youth involved in breaking, also known as breakdance, the aim of this article is to explore how their experiences contribute to the doing, redoing and undoing of gender. The negotiation of gender is highlighted through the female breakers’ experiences in a male-dominated culture. The analysis is based on fieldwork and qualitative interviews with young breakers in Norway. The results show that the female breakers challenged the perception of masculinity and femininity as they extended their practice of gender. Their desire to disprove the gendered expectations of female breakers resulted in a mixing of masculinity and femininity. Accordingly, the gender regime among the breakers was simultaneously re-constructed and challenged. We argue that both male and female breakers challenge normative perceptions of doing gender. Consequently, breaking has the capacity to dismantle the gender binary, and to redo and undo the gender order.

• Fasting, Kari; Sisjord, Mari Kristin & Sand, Trond Svela (2017). Norwegian Elite-Level Coaches: Who Are They? Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum. 8, p. 29–47. doi: 10.1080/14660970.2017.1331163. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Previous studies have shown that there is an underrepresentation of female coaches and a lack of opportunities for women to coach males, particularly at the elite-level. Very few studies, however, have focused on elite-level coaches’ demographics and whether these vary with respect to gender. The aim of this article is to get an overview of the gender distribution of Norwegian national team coaches with respect to different demographic variables, such as age, education and marital status. Furthermore, athletic background, coach education and coaching experience are examined. The results are based on data from an online survey among coaches who in 2012 worked as national team coaches (n=197). The main result is that the female and male coaches seem to be very similar, which is in contrast to the majority of previous research among elite-level female coaches. Another contradiction to previous studies, which mostly consist of qualitative research, is that the present quantitative study is based on a sample of national team coaches from all sports in Norway. Only 14% of the elite-level coaches are women. The explanation for this underrepresentation is discussed with respect to structural barriers that may be particularly relevant for elite-level coaching: sex-typing, stereotyping and homologous reproduction.

• Sisjord, Mari Kristin; Fasting, Kari & Sand, Trond Svela (2017). The impact of gender quotas in leadership in Norwegian organised sport. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics. ISSN 1940-6940. 9(3), p. 505–519. doi: 10.1080/19406940.2017.1287761. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The purpose of the article is to investigate the impact of gender quotas as a means to equalise the gender representation in the Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sport (NIF), with particular attention to the composition of executive boards. According to NIF's here. Law Book, a certain number of both genders is required when electing boards and committees at all levels in the organisation. The law also states rules for exemption when not fulfilled. Based on qualitative interviews the study explores how the quota regulation is practised at various levels in the organisation. The results revealed that interviewees from the higher levels (sport federations and regional confederations) were well aware of the quota regulation, less so on the club level. To the question whether the quota regulation guided the composition of the boards, most of the federations and all the regional confederations followed the rule, at the club level about two-thirds of the boards were composed in accordance with the regulation. The results are discussed in relation to criteria for ‘strong’, ‘moderate’ and ‘weak’ regulation, which in terms of fulfilment appears ‘strong’ at the highest level in the organisation, and ‘moderate’ or ‘weak’ at the club level.

• Sand, Trond Svela & Fasting, Kari (2016). Non-Commissioned Officers and Attitudes towards Military Women in the Norwegian Air Force : “It’s always nice when there are girls around”. Res Militaris. Ergomas(2). Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The main objective of the study presented in this article was to investigate men and masculinities, with a particular focus on the meaning of masculinities for recruitment and retention of female personnel. Fieldwork and seven semi-structured interviews with NCOs were conducted at a Norwegian Air Force Base. Analysis revealed three major themes : positive attitudes towards women in the military ; stereotypical perceptions of women ; and doubts about women's physical capacities. The findings are discussed in relation to R.W. Connell's work on hegemonic masculinity. The attitudes revealed can be related to the gender order in the society at large, and are likely to be the result of the global dominance of males over females. Initiatives to increase the number of women in the Armed Forces should therefore not only occur inside the military culture, but also address the socio-cultural level to change dominant gender ideologies and stereotypes.

• Mountjoy, Margo; Brackenridge, Celia; Arrington, Malia; Blauwet, Cheri; Carska-Sheppard, Andrea & Fasting, Kari [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2016). International Olympic Committee consensus statement: Harassment and abuse (non-accidental violence) in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 50(17), p. 1019–1029. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096121. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Despite the well-recognised benefits of sport, there are also negative influences on athlete health, well-being and integrity caused by non-accidental violence through harassment and abuse. All athletes have a right to engage in ‘safe sport’, defined as an athletic environment that is respectful, equitable and free from all forms of non-accidental violence to athletes. Yet, these issues represent a blind spot for many sport organisations through fear of reputational damage, ignorance, silence or collusion. This Consensus Statement extends the 2007 IOC Consensus Statement on Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Sport, presenting additional evidence of several other types of harassment and abuse—psychological, physical and neglect. All ages and types of athletes are susceptible to these problems but science confirms that elite, disabled, child and lesbian/gay/bisexual/trans-sexual (LGBT) athletes are at highest risk, that psychological abuse is at the core of all other forms and that athletes can also be perpetrators. Harassment and abuse arise from prejudices expressed through power differences. Perpetrators use a range of interpersonal mechanisms including contact, non-contact/verbal, cyber-based, negligence, bullying and hazing. Attention is paid to the particular risks facing child athletes, athletes with a disability and LGBT athletes. Impacts on the individual athlete and the organisation are discussed. Sport stakeholders are encouraged to consider the wider social parameters of these issues, including cultures of secrecy and deference that too often facilitate abuse, rather than focusing simply on psychopathological causes. The promotion of safe sport is an urgent task and part of the broader international imperative for good governance in sport. A systematic multiagency approach to prevention is most effective, involving athletes, entourage members, sport managers, medical and therapeutic practitioners, educators and criminal justice agencies. Structural and cultural remedies, as well as practical recommendations, are suggested for sport organisations, athletes, sports medicine and allied disciplines, sport scientists and researchers. The successful prevention and eradication of abuse and harassment against athletes rests on the effectiveness of leadership by the major international and national sport organisations.

• Hervik, Stein Egil & Fasting, Kari (2016). ‘It is passable, I suppose’ - Adult Norwegian men’s notions of their own bodies. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. ISSN 1012-6902. 51(7), p. 800–816. doi: 10.1177/1012690214557709. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of how men aged 40–90 years with different educational and ethnic backgrounds talk about their own bodies, and how social dimensions, especially masculinity and age, are reflected in their talk. Eighteen men from a small rural town in Norway were interviewed. The findings indicate that the men have a complex relationship to their own bodies. Three main themes were found in the way they talked about their own bodies; functionality in relation to their everyday life and in relation to sport and physical activity; physical and mental health; appearance both in relation to how their bodies were perceived by others and in relation to their own perception of their body. The three themes were not mutually exclusive and were often interwoven in terms of how they were talked about. The results are discussed in relation to theories of masculinity with a focus on Connell’s concept of hegemonic masculinity. One of the conclusions that can be drawn from the project is that the men expressed their relationships with their bodies in conflicting and complex ways, including concerns which can be interpreted as gendered and age-related

• Fasting, Kari (2015). Assessing the sociology of sport: On sexual harassment research and policy. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. ISSN 1012-6902. 50(4-5), p. 437–441. doi: 10.1177/1012690214554272. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  On the 50th anniversary of the ISSA and IRSS, a key foundational scholar on gender and sport, Kari Fasting, assesses sociological inquiry about sexual harassment in sport and its relation to the development of policy. The trajectory of this research on gender, sexual harassment and abuse (GSHA) in sport lies in feminist politics and advocacy. While sexual harassment and abuse in sport is widespread across sports, comparability in studies has been difficult due to issues of measurement and underreporting. Key challenges to doing research in this areas include difficulties in obtaining grant funding, access to and cooperation from athletes and perpetrators, and moral and ethical dilemmas in data gathering and reporting. Future work can build on recommendations by major organizations such as the IOC and UNICEF about organizational policies to curb sexual harassment and abuse; future research needs to advance systematic knowledge about the impact of policies and actions about sexual harassment and abuse in sport.

• Fasting, Kari & Sand, Trond Svela (2015). Narratives of sexual harassment experiences in sport. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health. ISSN 2159-676X. 7(5), p. 573–588. doi: 10.1080/2159676X.2015.1008028. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The occurrence of sexual harassment in sport was first revealed in studies in the mid-nineties, and during the last 10–15 years there has been an increasing focus on this problem both from scholars and from sport politicians. Most of the studies on sexual harassment in sport have been prevalence studies, but there is a marked variety of approaches to the subject both theoretical and methodological. Studies have shown that coaches often are the perpetrators and qualitative studies have documented risk factors as well as the athletes’ responses and coping mechanisms. However, very few studies so far have described with the athletes own words their experiences. Furthermore, there has also often been a lack of explanation for why such behaviours occur. Hence, the aim of this article was to present two Norwegian athletes’ narratives of their sexual harassment experiences from their coaches. This is followed by a discussion which incorporates different models that try to explain why sexual harassment occurs. All models seem in one way or another to focus on power as an important factor in understanding the occurrence of sexual harassment, and the two female athletes’ narratives are discussed in relation to the power relations that exist in sport both at the individual and at the organisational level. The article concludes with the importance of developing policies, including ethical guidelines and educational materials for coaches as well as for athletes to create safer sport.

• Leahy, Trisha & Fasting, Kari (2015). Sexual harassment and abuse in sport: implications for health care providers. In Margo, Mountjoy (Eds.), The Female Athlete. Wiley-Blackwell. ISSN 9781118862193. p. 103–109. doi: 10.1002/9781118862254.ch11. Full text in Research Archive
• Langnes, Tonje Fjogstad & Fasting, Kari (2014). Identity constructions among breakdancers. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. ISSN 1012-6902. doi: 10.1177/1012690214526402. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The hip-hop culture has evolved from the ghettos of The Bronx, New York in the 1970s, into a global phenomenon. Despite such prominence there is an absence of academic research on the hip-hop culture element: breakdance. Through eight months of participant observations and 17 qualitative interviews, this study investigates the identity construction process among breakdancers with diverse ethnic backgrounds in Norway. The aim is to provide an insight into the lives of young people and their impression management in constructing a breaker identity. The analysis highlights the complex and contested nature of breakdance as it is experienced and viewed by young people performing breakdance in Norway. Through deliberate impression management the breakdancers construct an alternative identity detached from other social categories. As a result, breakdance seems to counter social oppression and to have an empowering and liberating potential different from the common stigmatization and stereotypical prejudices regarding gender and ethnicity that many have experienced.

• Fasting, Kari & Sand, Trond Svela (2014). Forebygging av seksuell trakassering og overgrep i norsk idrett. In Lippe, Gerd von der & Hognestad, Hans K (Ed.), Kjønnsmakt i idrett og friluftsliv. Novus Forlag. ISSN 9788270997930. p. 253–269. Full text in Research Archive
• Massao, Prisca Bruno & Fasting, Kari (2014). Mapping race, class and gender: Experiences from black Norwegian athletes. European Journal for Sport and Society (EJSS). ISSN 1613-8171. 11(4), p. 331–352. doi: 10.1080/16138171.2014.11687971. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this article, we explore the influence of the intersection of race, gender, and class as systems of power and oppression (Collins, 2000) in the experiences of female and male black Norwegian athletes. Data are drawn from a larger doctoral study in which in-depth interviews were held with nine female and eight male black Norwegian athletes aged between 16 and 29 years. The data are further analysed using a black feminist intersectional approach to highlight the dynamic aspects of the interconnection between race, gender, and class in the experiences of black Norwegian athletes. Intersectionality is also used to interrogate whiteness (Norwegianness or Norskhet), which is mainly regarded as the norm. The findings demonstrate how black Norwegian female and male athletes are exposed to different privileges and challenges given their racial, gender, and class positions.

• Langnes, Tonje Fjogstad & Fasting, Kari (2014). The Construction of Meanings in Breaking. Insights from Breakers in Oslo. Nordic Journal of Dance - practice, education and research. ISSN 1891-6708. 5(2), p. 22–35. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari; Chroni, Stilani & Knorre, Nada (2014). The experiences of sexual harassment in sport and education among European female sports science students. Sport, Education and Society. ISSN 1357-3322. 19(2), p. 115–130. doi: 10.1080/13573322.2012.660477. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The study investigates whether sport is an especially risky environment for sexual harassment to occur. It explores female students’ experiences of sexual harassment in organized sport and compares them with their experiences in formal education, by addressing the following research questions: (1) Are there any differences in female sport students’ experiences of sexual harassment in sport and education? (2) Are there any differences in female sport students’ experiences of sexual harassment from coaches and teachers? (3) Are there any differences in female sport students’ experiences from peer students and peer athletes? A total of 616 female students from three different European countries, Czech Republic, Greece and Norway, answered a questionnaire. The results revealed that the students had experienced more sexual harassment in an educational setting than in a sport setting. Further analysis showed that this was primarily due to sexual harassment from peers in school. In Greece and Norway, there was no difference between occurrences from teachers and coaches, yet in Czech Republic coaches appear to harass more than teachers. The difference between sexual harassment occurring from peers in sport and in education is discussed in relation to whether the sense of belonging/camaraderie that a sport club member may experience might function as a barrier for sexual harassment to occur—because it embarrasses or hurts a teammate. In addition, sport clubs and teams are governed by their respective sport rules and possibly by additional club/team rules, which may also establish extra inside-club/team boundaries for acceptable and nonacceptable/harassing behaviors. This article concludes that greater emphasis ought to be placed on education; not only toward shaping safer teacher/coach behaviors, but also toward the student/athlete behaviors.

• Fasting, Kari; Sand, Trond Svela & Knorre, Nada (2013). European female sport students as future coaches? European Journal for Sport and Society (EJSS). ISSN 1613-8171. 10(4), p. 307–323. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Female coaches are strongly underrepresented in the world of sport. The role of the female coach has therefore received broad attention from scholars during the last three decades. Theoretical and empirical studies have focused on individual, cultural and structural gender barriers in trying to explain this underrepresentation. The purpose of this article is to contribute to this debate by investigating Norwegian and Czech female sport students’ coaching experiences, the significance of these experiences and their future coach- ing intentions. Mixed methods were used in the gathering of the data: a questionnaire to 407 female sport students and 19 semi-structured qualitative interviews. More than half of the sport students had coaching experience and 2/3 of them had future coaching intentions. Furthermore, coaching experiences seemed to be of importance for their coach- ing intentions which may be explained by their positive experiences as coaches. To have a female as a present coach also had a positive influence on coaching intentions. The conclusion focuses on the fact that if the intentions of these female sport students should be realised in the future, the gendered nature and the inhospitable climate of sport have to be changed.

• Fasting, Kari (2013). Dangerous liaisons : harassment and abuse in coaching. In Potrac, Paul; Gilbert, Wade & Denison, Jim (Ed.), Routledge handbook of sports coaching. Routledge. ISSN 9780415782227. p. 333–344. doi: 10.4324/9780203132623.ch27. Full text in Research Archive
• Stornæs, Annett V. & Fasting, Kari (2013). Er vi på rett vei i seleksjonen til befalsutdanning? In Steder, Frank Brundtland (Eds.), Militære kvinner: Forsvarets akilleshæl?. Abstrakt forlag. ISSN 9788279353416. p. 101–131. Full text in Research Archive
• Skogvang, Bente Ovèdie & Fasting, Kari (2013). Football and sexualities in Norway. Soccer and Society. ISSN 1466-0970. 14(6), p. 872–886. doi: 10.1080/14660970.2013.843924. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Throughout history football has been the largest sport for men in Norway, as it is today. But now it is also the largest organized female sport in our country. The purpose of this paper is to present and discuss the results from a study about female and male football players and their coaches’ attitudes towards the football players’ sexualities. The empirical data presented is based on in-depth interviews with 22 players (11 of each sex) and eight coaches (two women and six men) in men’s and women’s elite football in Norway. The concept hegemonic masculinity of Connell and Bourdieu’s terms symbolic power and doxa are used in trying to explain the results. Men and women, and lesbians and gays develop different habitus, because of their different experiences within Norwegian elite football. The study shows that the hetero-normativity still is strong in men’s elite football. When you are a man and plays football, it is taken for granted that you are heterosexual. For women it is the opposite, it is assumed that you are a lesbian.

• Fasting, Kari; Brackenridge, Ceila & Kjølberg, Gustav (2013). Using Court Reports to Enhance Knowledge of Sexual Abuse in Sport : A Norwegian Case Study. Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum. 4, p. 49–67. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Sport scientists face difficulties in gaining access to data on sexual abuse in sport through conventional research sources and also in verifying media reports of such cases. One potential alternative source of data is court reports. The study reported here used a small number of court reports to examine issues confronting those researching sexual abuse in sport. Two questions were investigated: What do the court reports tell us about the perpetrators and their abuse strategies? How useful is content analysis of court reports for acquiring more knowledge about sexual abuse cases in sport? Data were drawn from electronic searches of the Norwegian Lovdata (Lawdata) website. 15 sport-based cases were revealed by the searches and then subjected to content analysis, both within- and cross-case. The findings confirm previous studies in relation to the perpetrator strategies and the absence of any perpetrator stereotype. The article concludes that court reports provide one valuable, yet still incomplete, source of information against which to test our understanding of sexual abuse in sport and develop abuse prevention measure.

• Rones, Nina & Fasting, Kari (2013). Aspiranters vurdering av lagkameraters lederpotensiale. In Steder, Frank Brundtland (Eds.), Militære kvinner: Forsvarets akilleshæl?. Abstrakt forlag. ISSN 9788279353416. p. 133–168. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2012). Sexual harassment and abuse in Norwegian sport. In Brackenridge, Ceila; Kay, Tess & Rhind, Daniel (Ed.), Sport, Children’s Rights and Violence Prevention: A Sourcebook on Global Issues and Local Programmes. Brunel University Press. ISSN 9781908549075. p. 112–117. Full text in Research Archive
• Sand, Trond Svela & Fasting, Kari (2012). Military and gender issues in the Scandinavian countries: A categorized research bibliography. Moving soldiers - Soldaten i bevegelse. ISSN 1891-8751. 2012(1). Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2011). Seksuell trakassering og overgrep i idretten : forekomst og forebygging. In Hanstad, Dag Vidar; Breivik, Gunnar; Sisjord, Mari Kristin & Skaset, Hans B. (Ed.), Norsk Idrett - Indre spenning og ytre press. Akilles forlag. ISSN 9788272862281. p. 317–333. Full text in Research Archive
• Walseth, Kristin & Fasting, Kari (2011). Islam's view on physical activity and sport: Egyptian women interpreting Islam. In Giulianotti, Richard (Eds.), Sociology of sport. Sage Publications. ISSN 9780857029195. p. 229–245. doi: 10.1177/1012690203038001727. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari; Chroni, Stilani; Hervik, Stein Egil & Knorre, Nada (2011). Sexual harassment in sport toward females in three European countries. International Review for the Sociology of Sport. ISSN 1012-6902. 46(1), p. 76–89. doi: 10.1177/1012690210376295. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This article presents data from a cross-cultural study titled ‘Gender Relations in Sport — The Experiences of Czech, Greek, and Norwegian Female Sport Students’. The main research question asked is: what are the amounts and the forms of male and female sexual harassment experienced in a sport setting by female sport students in Czech Republic, Greece, and Norway? Women (N = 616) who were studying in sport departments of academic institutions in the three countries participated in the study. The results show that 34 percent of the students had experienced sexually harassing behavior from a man and 12 percent from a woman. Experiences of sexually harassing behaviors from both men and women were reported more often in the Czech Republic and Greece than in Norway.The form of sexual harassment the participants reported experiencing the most was ‘repeated unwanted sexual glances, etc.’ (22%). The difference between female and male harassment is discussed in relation to patriarchal power. The overall differences between countries are discussed in relation to the three countries’ gender orders, gender equality laws as well as the anti-sexual harassment laws inside and outside sport organizations.

• Fasting, Kari & Brackenridge, Ceila (2011). Coaches, sexual harassment and education. In Giulianotti, Richard (Eds.), Sociology of sport. Sage Publications. ISSN 9780857029195. p. 319–334. doi: 10.1080/13573320802614950. Full text in Research Archive
• Sisjord, Mari Kristin; Fasting, Kari & Sand, Trond Svela (2011). Inkludering av ungdom med minoritetsbakgrunn i NIF-organisert idrett :. Tidsskrift for ungdomsforskning. ISSN 1502-7759. 11(2), p. 71–92. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Norges Idrettsforbund og Olympiske og Paralympiske Komité (NIF) har en uttalt målsetting om en åpen og inkluderende idrett. Hvordan kommer dette til uttrykk i den praktiske virksomheten? Denne artikkelen, som bygger på data fra en undersøkelse om likestilling og mangfold i den organiserte idretten (NIF), retter søkelyset mot arbeid med inklusjon av ungdom med minoritetsbakgrunn på ulike organisasjonsnivå i NIF: særforbund, idrettskretser og idrettslag. Datamaterialet er kvalitative intervju med representanter fra ulike organisasjonsnivå. Resultatene viser at NIFs overordnede politikk i varierende grad nedfelles i særforbundenes virksomhet, i idrettskretsene og i idrettslagene. Av særforbundene skiller Fotballforbundet og Klatreforbundet seg ut som aktive pådrivere i arbeidet med inkludering. Mange idrettslag oppfattet slike spørsmål som lite aktuelle i sitt rekrutteringsområde. Representanter for lag som hadde erfaring med inkludering og rekruttering av minoritetsungdom, tilkjennega varierte erfaringer og synspunkter.

• Sand, Trond Svela; Fasting, Kari; Chroni, Stilani & Knorre, Nada (2011). Coaching Behavior: Any Consequences for the Prevalence of Sexual Harassment? International journal of sports science & coaching. ISSN 1747-9541. 6(2), p. 229–241. doi: 10.1260/1747-9541.6.2.229. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Coaches can easily dominate athletes and this unbalanced power distribution may be strengthened by authoritarian behavior; i.e. negative feedback, directive communication, coach-led decision making, task-centered role orientation, and goal orientation on performance. An unwanted risk emerges when the power is abused, which can lead to the occurrence of sexual harassment. This article examines whether authoritarian coaching behaviors may have any implications for female athletes' experiences of sexual harassment from male and female coaches. The participants in this survey were 399 female sport & PE students from Czech Republic, Greece and Norway. The study revealed that both the prevalence of authoritarian behaviors and of sexual harassment were significantly higher from male coaches. There was a higher prevalence of sexual harassment experiences from both male and female coaches among those participants who had experienced authoritarian behaviors compared to those who did not. This indicates that authoritarian behaviors are a stronger predictor of experiences of sexual harassment than the gender of the coach.

• Fasting, Kari & Sand, Trond Svela (2010). Gender and military issues - A categorized research bibliography. Moving soldiers - Soldaten i bevegelse. ISSN 1891-8751. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This edition of Moving Soldiers (MS) is a research bibliography of gender and military issues in the Scandinavian countries. Gender issues, relative to the increased representation of women in the Armed Forces, have been given a high political priority during the last decade. Research has an essential function in this matter where knowledge regarding the cultural and social dimensions of gender in the military is a great asset in recruiting and developing tomorrow’s members of the Armed Forces. Taking into account the Scandinavian countries’ long tradition for knowledgebased policy making it is therefore beneficial to gather and systematize the research conducted in this field. Consequently, the purpose of this issue of Moving Soldiers is to gather relevant publications related to military and gender issues in the Scandinavian countries and to explore what characterizes those publications. An additional intention in developing this overview is to uncover voids in the knowledge, which may challenge researchers.

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• Køber, Petter Kristian & Fasting, Kari (2019). A Method for Measuring Bullying and Sexual Harass­ment in the Norwegian Armed Forces. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) has supported the Norwegian Armed Forces in the development of two questionnaires, one measuring bullying and one measuring sexual harassment. The questionnaires are based on a behavioural list approach and designed specifically for a Norwegian military context. We have used statistical methods in order to create valid and reliable questionnaires based on a pilot study with 8,805 respondents from the Norwegian Armed Forces. The respondents included civilian and military employees and military conscripts. In the pilot study, we had included 60 questions, based on an extensive literature study, a workshop with a focus group and testing on a small group of military personnel. With the help of Principal Component Analysis on the data set of responses from the pilot study and qualitative judgment, we reduced the number of questions and identified the principal components, both for bullying and sexual harassment. We have also explored different scoring procedures with the data set from the pilot study, both for the complete scales and for the different components. The recommended questionnaire for measuring bullying consists of 17 questions divided into 5 different components. The reliability of the questionnaire is good for both men and women, based on Cronbach’s alpha. The recommended questionnaire for measuring sexual harassment consists of 15 questions divided into 4 different components. The reliability of the questionnaire is satisfactory for men and good for women, based on Cronbach’s alpha. The two questionnaires provide the Norwegian Armed Forces with a useful and reliable tool for measuring bullying and sexual harassment in the organization.

• Køber, Petter Kristian; Fasting, Kari & Strand, Kari Røren (2019). Anbefalt metode for kartlegging av mobbing og seksuell trakassering i Forsvaret. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  I dette notatet redegjør vi for utviklingen av to spørsmålsbatterier som vi anbefaler at Forsvaret bruker for å kartlegge omfang og type av mobbing og seksuell trakassering. Analysen er basert på en undersøkelse som ble gjennomført høsten 2018 og hvor tilsammen 60 spørsmål ble testet. Vi anbefaler et spørsmålsbatteri for mobbing som består av 17 spørsmål, en reduksjon på 12 spørsmål sammenlignet med det som ble testet. Det anbefalte spørsmålsbatteriet for seksuell trakassering består av 15 spørsmål, en reduksjon på 16 spørsmål.

• Fasting, Kari; Sisjord, Mari-Kristin & Sand, Trond Svela (2018). Female elite coaches in a man's world. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2015). safeguarding children: The role of the coach. Full text in Research Archive
• Stornæs, Annett Victoria & Fasting, Kari (2015). Are we on the right track in our selection of women and men for Officer Candidate School? In Steder, Frank Brundtland (Eds.), Military Women-The Achilles Heel in Defence Politics?. Abstrakt forlag. ISSN 9788279353706. Full text in Research Archive
• Rones, Nina & Fasting, Kari (2015). Peer Reviews and Peer Rankings in Norwegian Officer Candidate Education. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2014). Sexual harassment and abuse in sport : prevalence and prevention. In Findlay, Leigh (Eds.), Women and sport. SISU idrottsböcker. ISSN 9789187745089. Full text in Research Archive
• Engebretsen, Lars & Fasting, Kari (2013). Om IOC’s arbeid for å forebygge overgrep i idretten. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2013). Seksuell trakassering og overgrep i norsk idrett. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2013). Kvinnekamp i norsk idrett - ett tilbakeblikk. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari & Sand, Trond Svela (2013). Gender in Top level Coaching Roles: Presentation of an On-going Research Project. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2013). Preventing sexual harassment and abuse in sport - the Norwegian perspective. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2012). Sexual harassment, Violence & Abuse in Sport. "What do we know"? Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In recognition of research evidence and athlete testimonies of sexual harassment and abuse (SHA) in sport, an expert panel was brought together by the IOC Medical Commission in 2006 to examine this problem. The group prepared a Consensus Statement on Sexual Harassment and Abuse (SHA) that defined the issues and identified a set of recommendations about policy and practice to both prevent and to manage the problem within sport organisations. The resulting Consensus Statement was published by the IOC Executive Board in Feb 2007. Following its dissemination, the IOC Medical Commission sought to develop practical measures by which SHA could be prevented. The work was divided into two phases. The first phase, targetted at child athletes (under 18), was delivered through a set of on-line materials used by participants at the Youth Olympic Games (YOG) in Singapore August 2010. The materials were based on an extensive review of research and policy within and beyond sport: key messages were then converted by an IT company into age-appropriate, direct access, on-line messaging. Users at the YOG were supported on-site by qualified counsellors. Back up materials were posted on the IOC website for those who wished to learn more. The second phase of the SHA project, being presented here, was divided into two parts: the first focusses on the actions that sports organisations should take to prevent sexual harassment and abuse in sport. The education tool defines the nature of the problem and the actions that international and national sports bodies and federations can take to prevent it. It describes the key policies, procedures and practices that all organisations should put in place and provides links to key resources and examples of best practice to support development and implementation. The second part of the Phase 2 work focusses on how adult athletes (over 18) and coaches can protect themselves from SHA in a sport context. It defines the nature of the problem and the actions that coaches and adult athletes should take if they have concerns. The focus for athletes is on age-appropriate education to facilitate understanding of the types of SHA in sport, the identification of risks and tools to manage these risks. Preventative coaching strategies are addressed using practical scenarios. Athletes and coaches are made aware of their responsibilities for SHA prevention and reporting as part of their wider ethical, civic and professional roles.

• Fasting, Kari (2012). The Meaning of Sports for Women. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2012). Seksuell trakassereing og overgrep i idretten. Fra forskning til Forebyggin. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Forskning har de siste ti-årene avdekket at seksuell trakassering og overgrep også foregår i idretten. Denne forskningen har ført til at både NIF og IOC har utarbeidet tiltak for å forebygge seksuell trakassering og overgrep. Først presenteres definisjoner, hvor maktaspektet spesielt fremheves. Deretter gis en kort kunnskaps status om omfang og konsekvenser av seksuell trakassering og overgrep. Videre vil NIF’s retningslinjer mot seksuell trakassering og overgrep i idretten som ble vedtatt av Idrettsstyret i september 2010 bli presentert. Basert på et ekspert seminar i 2006 i Lausanne vedtok IOC i allerede 2007 «Concentus Statement on Sexual Harassment and Abuse. Allerede året etter oppnevnte IOC en ekspert gruppe som fikk i oppdrag å utarbeide flere interaktive utdanningsprogrammer basert på den kunnskapen/forskningen man hadde om seksuell trakassering og overgrep i idretten: ett for utøvere under 17 år, ett for trenere og voksne utøvere og ett for idrettsorganisasjoner. Disse programmene som bruker profesjonelle skuespillere, ble ferdige våren 2012, og presentert på ungdoms OL i Innsbruck og ved den pre-olympiske kongressen i Glasgow. Foredraget avslutter med en presentasjon av forskernes rolle i utarbeidelsen av programmene , samt en demonstrasjon av den interaktive delen.

• Fasting, Kari (2012). What do we know about sexual harassment and abuse in Europe. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2012). Global trends in advancing gender issues in sport. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2012). Om seksuell trakassering og overgrep. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2012). How gender balanced leadership in Sport can be supported at the European and International levels. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2012). Uklare regler for professoroppykk. [Internet]. Nyhetsbrev fra Ressursbank for likestilling i forskning. Full text in Research Archive
• Fjogstad, Tonje & Fasting, Kari (2012). Breakdance - that`s me! Gender construction among young male breakdancers. Full text in Research Archive
• Fjogstad, Tonje & Fasting, Kari (2012). Breakdance - that`s me! Identity construction among young breakdancers. Full text in Research Archive
• Rones, Nina & Fasting, Kari (2012). Om å bli og om å være militær. En sosiologisk analyse av kulturer, identiteter, kropp og kjønn i Det norske forsvaret. Full text in Research Archive
• Rones, Nina & Fasting, Kari (2012). Military Masculinities and Relationships among them. Full text in Research Archive
• Stornæs, Annett V. & Fasting, Kari (2012). Seleksjon av kvinner og menn til befalsutdanning 2007 - 2011. Full text in Research Archive
• Hervik, Stein Egil & Fasting, Kari (2012). Social differences and the meaning of physical activity, body and health. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2012). Lunchgjest i NRK. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Fjogstad, Tonje & Fasting, Kari (2012). Breakdance - that's me! Identity construction among young breakdancers. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari (2012). Intervju , Nyhetsprogram. [Radio]. NRK. Full text in Research Archive
• Sand, Trond Svela & Fasting, Kari (2012). Military male gender traditions: A barrier for retaining female personnel? Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari & Sand, Trond Svela (2012). Maskulinitetskulturer i Forsvaret. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari & Sand, Trond Svela (2012). Partiene må jobbe med forebygging. p. 44–45. Full text in Research Archive
• Sand, Trond Svela & Fasting, Kari (2012). Soldier identity and the meaning of masculinities in the Norwegian Armed Forces. Full text in Research Archive
• Rones, Nina & Fasting, Kari (2012). Military cultures, identities, body and gender - some preliminary results. Full text in Research Archive
• Rones, Nina & Fasting, Kari (2012). The Norwegian military: From Bildung of Men with character and polar heroes to champions in gender equality - What are the consequences for women? Full text in Research Archive
• Rones, Nina & Fasting, Kari (2011). “When they [women] failed to contribute and was only an obstacle, everybody started to dislike them". Full text in Research Archive
• Sand, Trond Svela & Fasting, Kari (2011). Gender issues in military research in the Scandinavian countries. Full text in Research Archive
• Sand, Trond Svela; Fasting, Kari & Stornæs, Annett V. (2011). Women's and men's reasons for enrolment to the Norwegian officer candidate schools. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari & Sand, Trond Svela (2011). Why doesn’t Norway manage to increase the number of women in the military? Full text in Research Archive
• Stornæs, Annett Victoria & Fasting, Kari (2011). Recruiting Women into the Norwegian Armed Forces Officer Candidate Schools. Full text in Research Archive
• Stornæs, Annett Victoria & Fasting, Kari (2011). Selection of women and men into The Norwegian Officer Candidate Schools - Barriers and boosts. Full text in Research Archive
• Rones, Nina & Fasting, Kari (2011). Seeking the best military leader, or seeking the best sportsman?Findings from the Norwegian Officer Candidate Schools Study 2010. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari; Sand, Trond Svela & Sisjord, Mari Kristin (2010). Equality, Equity and Diversty in Norwegian Sports. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction This paper presents some results from a project about the current state of equality within Norwegian sports and fitness activities, especially with regard to gender. The project was initiated by The Norwegian Equality and Anti-Discrimination Ombud, and carried out by a research group at the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences. The results discussed in this paper answered the following two main questions: How are women and men represented in Norwegian sport with regard to participation in executive boards in the different sport associations and as top level coaches? To what extent is work being done at the various organizational levels to create a better gender balance among leaders and coaches? Methods Representatives from 24 individual sport associations, 6 regional confederations and 43 clubs were interviewed. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed with MAXQDA 2007, a qualitative data analysis program. Results The findings showed that there were large differences between the number of female coaches (8.3%) and the number of female executive board members (37 %) and female presidents (17.9 %) in the different sport associations. Several national associations had implemented special measures to recruit more women, but the Football Association distinguished itself as the sport that worked most systematically, and with the most clearly defined goals, both with respect to recruitment of female coaches and leaders. As regards measures to recruit female coaches, two associations (Tennis and Basket) display an awareness of the fact that boys/men and girls/women are different and that this should be taken into account in order to get increased recruitment. This could lead to a change in the culture, which was a goal that the Powder Puff Girls project in the Snowboard Association also was working towards. Discussion The results are discussed in relation to strategies for change and/or lack of such, which has been implemented in Norwegian sport particular in relation to the concepts of equity and equality. Equality is defined as ?treating persons the same?, and equity as ?giving all persons fair access to social resources, while recognizing that they may well have different needs and interests? (Kidd & Donnelly 2000). To fulfill the fairness goals of gender equity in sport it is necessary to have equality of access, recognize inequalities then take steps to address them. But since equality in sport still does not exist, equity is required to ensure that sport becomes equally accessible to everyone in society--according to Sport England (2000). Sport England (2000) Making English Sport Inclusive: Equity guidelines for governing bodies. London, Sport England Kidd, B. & Donnelly, P. (2000) Human Rights in Sports, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 35(2), 131-148

• Fasting, Kari (2010). Challanges and strategies for women in sport leadership. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari & Brackenridge, Celia (2010). An Analysis of Norwegian Court Reports of Sexual Abuse in Sport. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  One of the most difficult challenges facing researchers of sexual abuse is to gain access to data, and very few studies have been undertaken that focus on sexual abuse case data in sport. The project presented here analyzed court reports which present a verified factual account of events that research interviews or media reports cannot do. The following questions were investigated: 1) What characterized the perpetrators who were sentenced for sexual abuse in a sport setting, and 2) What were the dynamics of the power relationships between the perpetrators and the victims? Different search words related to sport were used in examining the Norwegian legal database from 1940-2007. A total of 15 cases of sexual abuse in sport were found. The written court reports were entered into MAXQDA 2007, a qualitative data analysis program. The results showed that all the perpetrators were men, 19 to 56 years of age, but it was not possible to identify ?one profile? among the perpetrators. The power dynamics that were found between the perpetrator and the victim were adult, expert, position, economic, charismatic and gender power. The discussion focused on gender power, risk factors and prevention of sexual abuse in sport.

• Rones, Nina & Fasting, Kari (2010). Military identities, body and gender: A sociological analysis of cultures within the Norwegian Armed Forcrs. Full text in Research Archive
• Brackenridge, Celia; Fasting, Kari; Kirby, Sandra; Leahy, Trisha; Parent, Sylvie & Sand, Trond Svela (2010). The Place of Sport in the UN Study on Violence against Children. ?. p. 11–11. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper presents a secondary analysis of supporting documents from the UN Study on Violence against Children. The purpose of the analysis is to identify sport-related material in the documents and gaps in research knowledge about the role of sport in both preventing and facilitating violence against children. This is a complementary document to the IRC study ?Protecting Children from Violence in Sport: A review with a focus on industrialized countries? (forthcoming in 2010), developed by the same research team. Content analysis was undertaken on material archived for the UN Study, including submissions by UN agencies and non-governmental organizations on research relating to violence against children, and on the country surveys that had been returned by governments as part of the UN Study consultation. A list of search terms was established and each selected text or survey was searched against them. On the basis of these analyses, several key conclusions emerged. First, there is a marked absence of empirical data about the forms, prevalence and incidence of violence to children in sport and about the best mechanisms for preventing or resolving such problems. Second, there is a lack of coordination between governments and sport NGOs on the subject of violence against children in sport, and there appears to be no evidence of a functional link between the agencies responsible for sport for development and those responsible for prevention of violence to children. The findings point to the need to do more, targeted research on violence against children in sport and to assess the efficacy of sport as a tool of violence prevention. Since countries approach the matter of violence to children in many different ways, the establishment of international standards for safeguarding children and for violence prevention in sport is recommended

• Fasting, Kari (2010). Sexual Harassment and Abuse. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The presentation focuses on the fact that we have very little empirical research on sexual harassment and abuse, particular about children, i.e. boys and girls up to 18 year of age. Some of the available studies of athletes however do also include youth, age 15-17 years, and in some studies adult athletes tell about abuse that they experienced when they were younger. Almost all knowledge in the field is about girls, and there is a large need for research on boys. Most of the research is about prevalence, but some knowledge exists about the perpetrator, the grooming process, the response to and consequences of sexual harassment and abuse for young athletes. At last but not least, the importance of monitoring preventive educational programs and action plans are stressed.

• Fasting, Kari; Sølvberg, Nina & Gjesdal, Siv (2024). Krenkende opplevelser i idretten. Unge voksnes erfaringer med psykiske krenkelser, fysiske krenkelser og seksuell trakassering. Akilles forlag. Full text in Research Archive
• Rones, Nina; Fasting, Kari; Sand, Trond Svela & Køber, Petter Kristian (2018). Metodeutvikling for kartlegging av mobbing og seksuell trakassering i Forsvaret. Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt . ISSN 9788246429816. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Several studies have shown that both women and men experience bullying and sexual harassment inthe Norwegian Armed Forces. This has unfortunate consequences for those who are exposed to theseactions and is harmful to the Norwegian Armed Forces’ ability to utilize and retain competentpersonnel. In addition, the unwanted behavior may negatively affect the reputation of the NorwegianArmed Forces with the possibility of reduced recruitment. Therefore, both the political and militaryleadership desire to implement relevant measures for the prevention of bullying and sexualharassment.Implementing relevant actions require knowledge of the situation. Therefore, the Norwegian DefenceStaff and the Ministry of Defence instructed the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) todevelop measurement instruments which can be used to assess the extent and nature of bullying andsexual harassment in the Norwegian Armed Forces.This report describes the methodological development of the measurement instruments. Based on aliterature study, a workshop, and a test with group interviews, 29 items were developed to measurebullying and 31 items to measure the experience of sexual harassment. The two measurementinstruments were then tested in a pilot study. However, as a result of various challenges related to theexecution of the pilot study, we were not timely provided an adequate number of respondents to carryout the statistical analyses that were planned.Through the analyses that we were able to make, a measurement instrument for experienced bullyinghas been developed. It consists of 20 items divided into 5 components (types of bullying). Thecomponents were identified as verbal bullying, exclusion, belittling, unpleasant body language, andbullying in social media. The measurement instruments should be tested on a larger sample for furtheranalysis of validity and reliability. It may then be possible to reduce the number of items.Regarding sexual harassment, due to a low number of respondents and the low variance, it waspossible to identify only one component (form of sexual harassment) consisting of 10 items. Thecomponent was identified as unwanted sexual attention. In addition to these 10 items, we havechosen to keep 17 of the other suggested items for further testing, because they have proven to berelevant in other surveys. The measurement instrument therefore consists of 27 items. It must betested on a larger sample to ensure its validity and reliability.Relative to the continuation of the study, we propose a comprehensive study be carried out with theaim of establishing knowledge for implementing targeted measures to prevent bullying and sexualharassment in the Norwegian Armed Forces. We suggest that the study consists of three parts: 1)analysis of anonymous case reports from the Norwegian Armed Forces’ Occupational Safety andHealth Administration, 2) a comprehensive quantitative survey in the Norwegian Armed Forces thatcan also be used to further develop the measurement instruments, and 3) qualitative case studies inunits with both high and low incidence of bullying and sexual harassment.Guidelines and methods for the prevention of bullying and sexual harassment should be developed onthe basis of the knowledge provided through the proposed study.

• Fasting, Kari; Huffman, Diane & Sand, Trond Svela (2014). Gender, Participation and leadership in sport in southern Africa: A baseline study. The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports. ISSN 9788272862441. Full text in Research Archive
• Chroni, Stilani; Fasting, Kari; Hartill, Mike; Knorre, Nada; Martin, Montserrat & Papaefstathiou, Maria [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2012). Prevention of sexual and gender harassment and abuse in sports : initiatives in Europe and beyond. Deutsche Sportjugend im Deutschen Olympischen Sportbund. Full text in Research Archive
• Fasting, Kari & Sand, Trond Svela (2012). Tiltak for å øke kvinneandelen i Forsvaret. Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt . ISSN 9788246421261. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Helt siden allmenn verneplikt for menn ble innført i 1897 har det vært diskusjoner knyttet tilkvinners deltagelse i Forsvaret. I 1984 innførte Forsvaret såkalt yrkesmessig likestilling avkvinner og menn. Det vil si at kvinner har de samme mulighetene som menn, på frivillig basis, ihele organisasjonen og i alle funksjoner.Kvinneandelen i Forsvaret har ikke økt nevneverdig de siste årene, og Forsvarets målsetninger forkvinneandelen ser ut til å være vanskelige å nå. Basert på arbeidet i prosjekt ”Forskning påårskull” presenterer vi ni tiltak for bedret likestilling og økt mangfold i Forsvaret. Selv om disseni tiltakene bidrar til en vesentlig økning i antall kvinner, er det fortsatt usikkert om de alene vilgjøre at Forsvaret når målsetningen om en kvinneandel på 20 % innen år 2020 Noen av tiltakeneforventer vi at vil ha en større kulturell påvirkning, og de kan dermed oppfattes som relativtomfattende. Disse vil sannsynligvis møte større motstand i organisasjonen enn andre tiltak.Tiltakene er en kombinasjon av kortsiktige og langsiktige tiltak. De har ulik effekt innenfordimensjonene å rekruttere, selektere og beholde personell i Forsvaret samt innenfor økonomi ogForsvarets kultur.

• Fasting, Kari & Sand, Trond Svela (2011). Flere kvinner i Forsvaret? En analyse av studier om rekruttering av kvinner og kvinners erfaringer i og med Forsvaret. Delrapport 1. Norges idrettshøgskole. Full text in Research Archive
• Rones, Nina & Fasting, Kari (2011). Befalsskolestudien - Felles Opptak og Seleksjon 2010. Hva skjer i felt(et)? Norges idrettshøgskole. Full text in Research Archive
• Stornæs, Annett Victoria & Fasting, Kari (2011). Befalsskolestudien - Felles Opptak og Seleksjon 2010 - En spørreundersøkelse blant kvinnelige og mannlige kandidater under seleksjonsperioden. Norges idrettshøgskole. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Befalsskolestudien – Felles Opptak og Seleksjon 2010 har hatt til hensikt å undersøke hvilke faktorer som kan være med å hemme og fremme opptak til Forsvarets skoler. Metodisk har studien bestått av en spørreundersøkelse og et kvalitativt feltarbeid (Rones og Fasting, 2011). Denne rapporten omhandler spørreundersøkelsen og har til hensikt å gi et innblikk i og en beskrivelse av likheter og forskjeller mellom kvinnelige og mannlige deltakere som har søkt utdanning i Forsvaret og som er på opptaksprøver, herunder de deltakerne som ble tatt opp på skole og som falt fra under FOS. Utvalget i studien utgjør 70 % (n=1051) av alle kandidatene på FOS. Totalt er det 920 mannlige og 131 kvinnelige deltakere med i studien. Resultatene fra studien avdekker kjønnsforskjeller. Særlig ser vi forskjeller mellom kjønnene i forhold til når de faller fra i løpet av seleksjonsperioden, og på årsakene til frafall i opptaksuken og i aspirantperioden. Det ble også funnet forskjeller mellom kvinner og menns svar på noen av de ulike spørsmålene i spørreundersøkelsen (“rangering av egen fysiske yteevne”, “interesse for videre jobb i Forsvaret”, “syn på kvinnelige befal”, syn på hvem som passer inn som elever på Forsvarets skoler”). Befalsskolestudiens hovedproblemstilling var “Hvilke faktorer synes å bidra til å hemme eller fremme kvinnelige og mannlige kandidaters muligheter for opptak til Forsvarets skoler under Felles opptak og seleksjon?” Ut fra denne problemstillingen vil vi trekke fram fire forhold fra funnene i studien som kan indikere å ha bidratt til å hemme kvinnelige deltakere i større grad enn mannlige deltakeres muligheter for opptak til Forsvarets skoler. Disse er: “Fysiske tester”, “psykologiske prøver”, “offisersvurdering” og “rangering av egen fysiske yteevne under feltøvelsen”. Motsatt vil man kunne trekke fram at de mannlige deltakernes større tro på egne fysiske evner gjennom “rangering av egen fysiske yteevne under feltøvelsen” kan bidra til å fremme deres muligheter for opptak. Det kan også se ut til at det å ha en far med befals- og eller krigsskoleutdanning kan ha en viss betydning ved at dette fremmer særlige kvinnelige deltakeres, men også mannlige deltakeres, muligheter for opptak til Forsvarets skoler. Disse faktorene som er trukket fram i forhold til om de hemmer eller fremmer kandidatenes muligheter for opptak til skolene må tolkes med forsiktighet. Funnene fra studien viser imidlertid noen tendenser til at det er faktorer som kan ha innvirkning for kvinner og menns muligheter for opptak til Forsvarets skoler. I rapporten viser vi til tidligere opptak, og dataene som omhandler årsaker til frafall fra FOS i perioden 2007-2009 viser at andelen som faller fra på grunn av de fysiske testene, de psykologiske prøvene og offisersvurderingen ikke er stabil fra år til år. Det vil derfor være betydningsfullt å følge opptakene til Forsvarets skoler videre for å se om denne tendensen endrer seg over tid. Når vi ser på de tidligere opptakene er det imidlertid en klar tendens til at det relativt sett er flere blant kvinnene som faller fra på grunn av fysiske tester enn blant menn.

• Brackenridge, Celia; Fasting, Kari; Kirby, Sandra & Leahy, Trisha (2010). Protecting children from violence in sport : a review with a focus on industrialized countries. UNICEF. ISSN 9788889129968. Full text in Research Archive

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