Hege Grindem

• Amundsen, Roar; Sjølie, Emilie Scholten; McKay, Carly; Gjesdal, Siv; Grindem, Hege & Myklebust, Grethe [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2026). The Development, Validation and Reliability of the Sports Injury Prevention Behavior Determinants Questionnaire. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. ISSN 0905-7188. 36(7). doi: 10.1111/sms.70329. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  ABSTRACT Valid data on behavioral determinants are essential to enhance adherence to injury prevention (IP) programs. This study reports the development and validation of the Sports Injury Prevention Behavior Determinants Questionnaire for youth handball and football players (12–17 years) and their coaches. Using the Health Action Process Approach framework, we followed consensus‐based guidelines, including conceptualisation, focus groups, cognitive interviews, and a cross‐sectional study for both players and coaches. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), reliability testing, and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed for the coach questionnaire only. Focus groups identified training load management, pain and injury management, and injury prevention training as key IP elements. These were integrated with relevant HAPA constructs during item development and refined through cognitive interviews. A cross‐sectional study (337 coaches, 528 players) and CFA informed the final coach version, which was subsequently evaluated using a test–retest design. PCA included 59 coaches while the reliability analysis included 45 due to drop out. Intraclass correlation coefficients indicated good reliability (> 0.75) for all constructs in the coach questionnaire, although self‐efficacy constructs showed small systematic differences (≤ 0.04; 95% CI 0.00 to 0.06). PCA led to minor refinements of the questionnaire. The Sports Injury Prevention Behavior Determinants Questionnaire is the first validated tool to assess IP behavioral determinants in youth handball and football coaches, with applicability across team sports. The player version followed the initial steps to ensure good face and content validity but requires refinement based on CFA and further reliability testing and PCA.

• Moen, Christian; Myklebust, Grethe; Munkvold, Emilie Christina; Hägglund, Martin; Bahr, Roald & Møller, Merete [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2025). Why does it work? Proposed biomedical effect mechanisms of exercise-based injury prevention programmes in football (soccer) and handball: a scoping review of 104 studies. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 59(20), p. 1435–1442. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2025-109802. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective To describe the proposed biomedical effect mechanisms in research on exercise-based injury prevention programmes in football (soccer) and handball. Design Scoping review of randomised controlled trials (RCT), cohort studies and case studies. Data sources MEDLINE via PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases were searched from 2000 to 2024. Eligibility criteria Studies were included if they described exercise-based injury prevention programmes in football (soccer) or handball and provided a biomedical rationale or proposition of effect mechanisms. Peer-reviewed studies of all ages and both sexes at elite, subelite or amateur level were eligible. Results We included 104 studies (78 RCTs, 25 cohort studies, 1 case study) with sample sizes ranging from 10 to 4556 participants. Most studies (83%) were published after 2010, and interventions were reported to have an effect in 82% of the studies. Four main themes emerged describing the proposed effect mechanisms: neuromuscular control (47%), strength (39%), range of motion (11%) and physical fitness (3%). Definitions of key terms related to the intervention were provided in only 19% of studies, measurements of specific biomedical effect mechanisms were conducted in just 59% of studies. Conclusion Neuromuscular control and strength were the predominant proposed effect mechanisms for injury prevention programmes in football and handball. To better establish effect mechanisms of exercise-based interventions, future research should consistently define key terms related to the interventions and strive to identify and test causal mechanisms to optimise injury prevention programmes.

• Sjølie, Emilie Scholten; McKay, Carly M.; Gjesdal, Siv; Grindem, Hege; Myklebust, Grethe & Bjørndal, Christian Thue [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). What lies behind injury prevention behaviour in youth handball and football? A cross-sectional nationwide study of behavioural constructs in 865 coaches and players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. ISSN 1440-2440. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2025.10.009. Full text in Research Archive
• Hausken-Sutter, Solveig; Moen, Christian; Sjølie, Emilie Scholten; Bjørndal, Christian Thue; Myklebust, Grethe & Møller, Merete [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). #Utviklingsklar: a club-based intervention to develop plans and practices for injury prevention in youth sport-acceptability, practicality, possibilities and challenges among club leaders, coaches and workshop leaders. BMJ Open sport & exercise medicine. 11(4). doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2025-002766. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Effective youth sport injury interventions exist, but their use in applied settings is limited by low coach adherence and lack of contextual adaptation. To address this, the #Utviklingsklar intervention was developed, a club-based intervention for youth handball and football, based on interdisciplin …

• Urhausen, Anouk; Pedersen, Marie; Grindem, Hege; Ito, Naoaki; Arhos, Elanna K. & Gunderson, Ragnhild B. [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2025). Clinical, Functional, Sports Participation, and Osteoarthritis Outcomes After ACL Injury: Ten-Year Follow-up Study of the Delaware-Oslo ACL Cohort Treatment Algorithm. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume. ISSN 0021-9355. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.24.00243. Full text in Research Archive
• Urhausen, Anouk; Grindem, Hege; Engebretsen, Lars; Silbernagel, Karin Grävare; Axe, Michael J. & Snyder-Mackler, Lynn [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). The Delaware-Oslo ACL Cohort treatment algorithm yields superior outcomes to usual care 9-12 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. ISSN 0942-2056. 32(2), p. 214–222. doi: 10.1002/ksa.12039. Full text in Research Archive
• Murray, Iain Robert; Makaram, Navnit S.; Neo, Chryssa; Geeslin, Andrew G.; Chahla, Jorge & Moatshe, Gilbert [Show all 43 contributors for this article] (2024). Infographic.Multiligament knee injury (MLKI): an expert consensus statement on nomenclature, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 58(23), p. 1463–1465. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-109051. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørndal, Christian Thue; Hausken-Sutter, Solveig Elisabeth Sand; Møller, Merete; Myklebust, Grethe & Grindem, Hege (2024). Exploring the interplay of interpersonal and contextual dynamics in youth sports injuries: a comprehensive narrative review. BMJ Open sport & exercise medicine. 10(3). doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-001964. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Injuries are recognised in sports and exercise medicine as not isolated incidents but complex outcomes. This is because an athlete’s health trajectory is understood to be shaped by dynamic, complex linkages between individual performance, biology, and the wider social and cultural contexts and systems in which individuals perform. Despite this recognition, little attention has been paid to how interpersonal and contextual dynamics can potentially affect the risk of injury by influencing the choices and decisions made by coaches, parents and athletes. To address this gap, this narrative review bridges insights from sociocultural studies in sports with the findings of sports injury research. The narrative review aims to identify and summarise how interpersonal and contextual dynamics influence the risk of youth sports injuries. The results reveal the pressures faced by athletes, often leading to compromised health. Moreover, the review underscores the importance of designing complex interventions and strategies to promote healthier practices in youth sports. Specifically, intervention programmes should prioritise raising awareness of injury risks, cultivating effective communication skills and fostering supportive training environments.

• Holmgren, David; Noory, Shiba; Moström, Eva; Grindem, Hege; Stålman, Anders & Wörner, Tobias (2024). Weaker quadriceps muscle strength with a quadriceps tendon graft compared with a patellar or hamstring tendon graft at 7 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. American Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0363-5465. 52(1), p. 69–76. doi: 10.1177/03635465231209442. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Impaired quadriceps muscle strength after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is associated with worse clinical outcomes and a risk of reinjuries. Yet, we know little about quadriceps muscle strength in patients reconstructed with a quadriceps tendon (QT) graft, which is increasing in popularity worldwide. Purpose: To describe and compare isokinetic quadriceps strength in patients undergoing ACLR with a QT, hamstring tendon (HT), or bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) autograft. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We included patients with QT grafts (n = 104) and matched them to patients with HT (n = 104) and BPTB (n = 104) grafts based on age, sex, and associated meniscal surgery. Data were collected through clinical strength testing at a mean of 7 ± 1 months postoperatively. Isokinetic strength was measured at 90 deg/s, and quadriceps strength was expressed as the limb symmetry index (LSI) for peak torque, total work, torque at 30° of knee flexion, and time to peak torque. Results: Patients with QT grafts had the most impaired isokinetic quadriceps strength, with the LSI ranging between 67.5% and 75.1%, followed by those with BPTB grafts (74.4%-81.5%) and HT grafts (84.0%-89.0%). Patients with QT grafts had a significantly lower LSI for all variables compared with patients with HT grafts (mean difference: peak torque: −17.4% [95% CI, −21.7 to −13.2], P 90% for peak torque (QT: 67.5% [95% CI, 64.8-70.1]; HT: 84.9% [95% CI, 82.4-87.4]; BPTB: 74.4% [95% CI, 72.0-76.9]). Conclusion: At 7 months after ACLR, patients with QT grafts had significantly worse isokinetic quadriceps strength than patients with HT and BPTB grafts. None of the 3 graft groups reached a mean LSI of >90% in quadriceps strength.

• Murray, Iain Robert; Makaram, Navnit S.; Geeslin, Andrew G.; Chahla, Jorge; Moatshe, Gilbert & Crossley, Kay [Show all 42 contributors for this article] (2024). Multiligament knee injury (MLKI): an expert consensus statement on nomenclature, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108089. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Multiligament knee injuries (MLKIs) represent a broad spectrum of pathology with potentially devastating consequences. Currently, disagreement in the terminology, diagnosis and treatment of these injuries limits clinical care and research. This study aimed to develop consensus on the nomenclature, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation strategies for patients with MLKI, while identifying important research priorities for further study. An international consensus process was conducted using validated Delphi methodology in line with British Journal of Sports Medicine guidelines. A multidisciplinary panel of 39 members from 14 countries, completed 3 rounds of online surveys exploring aspects of nomenclature, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and future research priorities. Levels of agreement (LoA) with each statement were rated anonymously on a 5-point Likert scale, with experts encouraged to suggest modifications or additional statements. LoA for consensus in the final round were defined ‘a priori’ if >75% of respondents agreed and fewer than 10% disagreed, and dissenting viewpoints were recorded and discussed. After three Delphi rounds, 50 items (92.6%) reached consensus. Key statements that reached consensus within nomenclature included a clear definition for MLKI (LoA 97.4%) and the need for an updated MLKI classification system that classifies injury mechanism, extent of non-ligamentous structures injured and the presence or absence of dislocation. Within diagnosis, consensus was reached that there should be a low threshold for assessment with CT angiography for MLKI within a high-energy context and for certain injury patterns including bicruciate and PLC injuries (LoA 89.7%). The value of stress radiography or intraoperative fluoroscopy also reached consensus (LoA 89.7%). Within treatment, it was generally agreed that existing literature generally favours operative management of MLKI, particularly for young patients (LoA 100%), and that single-stage surgery should be performed whenever possible (LoA 92.3%). This consensus statement will facilitate clinical communication in MLKI, the care of these patients and future research within MLKI.

• Tveiten, Caroline Emilie Van Woensel Ko; Bache-Mathiesen, Lena Kristin; Jakobsen, Rune Bruhn; Engebretsen, Lars; Persson, Andreas & Myklebust, Grethe [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Rehabilitation, Decision Making, and Return to Pivoting Sports in Athletes 1-3 Years After ACL Reconstruction: A Nationwide Study. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy Open (JOSPT Open). 3(1), p. 45–58. doi: 10.2519/josptopen.2024.0087. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  OBJECTIVE: To describe rehabilitation and decision making from anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction to return to sport (RTS), characteristics, and RTS proportions for pivoting sport athletes undergoing usual care. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: We invited people with ACL reconstruction (ACLR) aged 16-40 years, who were injured during soccer, handball, or basketball and registered in the Norwegian Knee Ligament Register to complete a study-specific questionnaire at 1-3 years post-surgery. We reported descriptive statistics and RTS proportions for return to participation, sport, and performance. RESULTS: Of 1 875 individuals, 631 (34%) responded. The physical therapist–led rehabilitation ceased before 9 months in 52% (n = 268), and a physical therapist was most frequently involved in RTS decisions (n = 462, 77%). Fifty-five percent (n = 353) of the participants underwent physical testing prior to RTS. At a mean of 2.3 years (SD = 0.8) after ACLR, 62% (n = 391) returned to participation, 50% (n = 312) returned to sport, and 17% (n = 93) returned to preinjury performance, with higher rates for those under 20 years old. The main reasons for nonreturn were fear of reinjury (35%, n = 27) and knee problems (35%, n = 27). Median time to RTS was 12 months (interquartile range, 10-15 months), and 16% (n = 102) had sustained a new ACL injury at follow-up. CONCLUSION: This nationwide study found that half of pivoting sport athletes ceased rehabilitation within 9 months and half performed physical testing to inform RTS, with physical therapists most frequently involved in the RTS decision. Half of the athletes returned to sport, and 1 in 6 returned to performance. RTS proportions were highest in athletes younger than 20 years

• Urhausen, Anouk; Grindem, Hege; Ingelsrud, Lina Holm; Roos, Ewa M.; Silbernagel, Karin Grävare & Snyder-Mackler, Lynn [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Patient Acceptable Symptom State Thresholds for IKDC-SKF and KOOS at the 10-Year Follow-up After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: A Study From the Delaware-Oslo ACL Cohort. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine (OJSM). 12(5). doi: 10.1177/23259671241250025. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Clinicians need thresholds for the Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS) and Treatment Failure to interpret group-based patient-reported outcome measures after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Validated thresholds that are crucial for accurately discerning patient symptom state and facilitating effective interpretation have not been determined for long-term follow-up after ACL injury. Purpose: To calculate and validate thresholds for PASS and Treatment Failure for the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC-SKF) and the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subscales at the 10-year follow-up after ACL injury. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 163 participants with unilateral ACL injury (treated with reconstruction or rehabilitation alone) from the Delaware-Oslo ACL Cohort were included. Thresholds for PASS were calculated for IKDC-SKF and KOOS subscales using anchor-based predictive modeling and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Too few participants had self-reported Treatment Failure to calculate thresholds for that outcome. Nonparametric bootstrapping was used to derive 95% CIs. The criterion validity of the predictive modeling and ROC-derived thresholds were assessed by comparing actual patient-reported PASS outcome with the calculated PASS outcome for each method of calculation and calculating their positive and negative predictive values with respect to the anchor questions. Results: A total of 127 (78%) participants reported satisfactory symptom state. Predictive modeling PASS thresholds (95% CIs) were 76.2 points (72.1-79.4 points) for IKDC-SKF, 85.4 points (80.9-89.2 points) for KOOS Pain, 76.5 points (67.8-84.7 points) for KOOS Symptoms, 93.8 points (90.1-96.9 points) for KOOS activities of daily living, 71.6 points (63.4-77.7 points) for KOOS Sports, and 59.0 points (53.7-63.9 points) for KOOS quality of life (QoL). Predictive modeling thresholds classified 81% to 93% of the participants as having satisfactory symptom state, whereas ROC-derived thresholds classified >50% as unsatisfied. The thresholds for IKDC-SKF, KOOS Sports, and KOOS QoL resulted in the most accurate percentages of PASS among all identified thresholds and therefore demonstrate the highest validity. Conclusion: Predictive modeling provided valid PASS thresholds for IKDC-SKF and KOOS at the 10-year follow-up after ACL injury. The thresholds for IKDC-SKF, KOOS Sports, and KOOS QoL should be used when determining satisfactory outcomes. ROC-derived thresholds result in substantial misclassification rates of the participants who reported satisfactory symptom state.

• Pedersen, Marie; Grindem, Hege; Berg, Bjørnar; Engebretsen, Lars; Axe, Michael J. & Snyder-Mackler, Lynn [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Four Distinct 5-Year Trajectories of Knee Function Emerge in Patients Who Followed the Delaware-Oslo ACL Cohort Treatment Algorithm. American Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0363-5465. 50(11), p. 2944–2952. doi: 10.1177/03635465221116313. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Impairments and dysfunction vary considerably after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, and distinct subgroups may exist. Purpose: (1) To identify subgroups of patients with ACL injury who share common trajectories of patient-reported knee function from initial presentation to 5 years after a treatment algorithm where they chose either ACL reconstruction (ACLR) plus rehabilitation or rehabilitation alone. (2) To assess associations with trajectory affiliation. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We included 276 patients with a acute first-time complete unilateral ACL injury. All patients underwent a 5-week neuromuscular and strength training program before a shared decision-making process about treatment. Within their latest attended follow-up, 62% of patients had undergone early ACLR (<6 months after the 5-week program), 11% delayed ACLR (>6 months after the 5-week program), and 27% progressive rehabilitation alone. Patients completed the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC-SKF) at inclusion, after the 5-week program, and at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 5 years after ACLR or completion of the 5-week program (patients treated with rehabilitation alone). We used group-based trajectory modeling to identify trajectories of IKDC-SKF and multinomial logistic regression to assess associations with trajectory affiliation. Results: Four distinct trajectories of IKDC-SKF were identified: Low (n = 22; 8.0% of the cohort), Moderate (n = 142; 51.4%), High (n = 105; 38.0%), and High Before Declining (n = 7; 2.5%). The High trajectory had higher scores at inclusion than the Moderate trajectory, but both improved considerably within 1 year and had thereafter stable high scores. The High Before Declining trajectory also started relatively high and improved considerably within 1 year but experienced a large deterioration between 2 and 5 years. The Low trajectory started low and had minimal improvement. New knee injuries were important characteristics of the High Before Declining trajectory, concomitant meniscal injuries were significantly associated with following the Low (vs Moderate) trajectory, and early/preoperative quadriceps strength and hop symmetry (measured at inclusion) were significantly associated with following the High (vs Moderate) trajectory. Conclusion: We identified 4 distinct 5-year trajectories of patient-reported knee function, indicating 4 subgroups of patients with ACL injury. Importantly, 88% of the patients who followed our treatment algorithm followed the Moderate and High trajectories characterized by good improvement and high scores. Due to eligibility criteria and procedures in our cohort, we can only generalize our model to athletes without major concomitant injuries who follow a similar treatment algorithm. Concomitant meniscal injuries and new knee injuries were important factors in the unfavorable Low and High Before Declining trajectories. These associations were exploratory but support the trajectories’ validity. Our findings can contribute to patient education about prognosis and underpin the importance of continued secondary injury prevention.

• Vlok, Arnold; Dyk, Nicol van; Coetzee, Derik & Grindem, Hege (2022). Exercise Descriptors That Determine Muscle Strength Gains Are Missing From Reported Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Rehabilitation Programs: A Scoping Review of 117 Exercises in 41 Studies. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. ISSN 0190-6011. 52(2), p. 100–112. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2022.10651. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To (1) describe which strength training exercise descriptors are reported in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) rehabilitation research, and (2) compare the current standards of reporting ACLR strength training exercise descriptors to international best-practice strength training guidelines. Design: Scoping review. Literature Search: We searched the MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Academic Search, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing, Health Source: Consumer, MasterFILE, and Africa-Wide Information databases. Study Selection Criteria: We included level I to IV studies of ACLR rehabilitation programs with 1 or more reported strength training exercise descriptors. We used a predefined list of 19 exercise descriptors, based on the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) exercise recommendations, the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT), and the Toigo and Boutellier exercise descriptor framework. Data Synthesis: Completeness and the standard of reporting exercise descriptors in ACLR rehabilitation programs were assessed by means of international best-practice strength training standards. Results: We extracted data on 117 exercises from 41 studies. A median of 7 of the 19 possible exercise descriptors were reported (range, 3–16). Reporting of specific exercise descriptors varied across studies, from 95% (name of the strength training exercise) to 5% (exercise aim, exercise order). On average, 46%, 35%, and 43% of the exercise descriptors included in the ACSM, CERT, and Toigo and Boutellier guidelines were reported, respectively. Conclusion: Key exercise descriptors for muscle strength gains are not reported in studies on ACLR rehabilitation. Only the exercise name, number of exercises, frequency, and experimental period were reported in most of the studies.

• Pedersen, Marie; Grindem, Hege; Johnson, Jessica L.; Engebretsen, Lars; Axe, Michael J. & Snyder-Mackler, Lynn [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Clinical, Functional, and Physical Activity Outcomes 5 Years Following the Treatment Algorithm of the Delaware-Oslo ACL Cohort Study. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American volume. ISSN 0021-9355. 103(16), p. 1473–1481. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.20.01731. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries can be treated with or without ACL reconstruction (ACLR), and more high-quality studies evaluating outcomes after the different treatment courses are needed. The purpose of the present study was to describe and compare 5-year clinical, functional, and physical activity outcomes for patients who followed our decision-making and treatment algorithm and chose (1) early ACLR with preoperative and postoperative rehabilitation, (2) delayed ACLR with preoperative and postoperative rehabilitation, or (3) progressive rehabilitation alone. Early ACLR was defined as that performed ≤6 months after the preoperative rehabilitation program, and late ACLR was defined as that performed >6 months after the preoperative rehabilitation program. Methods: We included 276 patients from a prospective cohort study. The patients had been active in jumping, pivoting, and cutting sports before the injury and sustained a unilateral ACL injury without substantial concomitant knee injuries. The patients chose their treatment through a shared decision-making process. At 5 years, we assessed the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC-SKF), Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Marx Activity Rating Scale, sports participation, quadriceps muscle strength, single-legged hop performance, and new ipsilateral and contralateral knee injuries. Results: The 5-year follow-up rate was 80%. At 5 years, 64% of the patients had undergone early ACLR, 11% had undergone delayed ACLR, and 25% had had progressive rehabilitation alone. Understandably, the choices that participants made differed by age, concomitant injuries, symptoms, and predominantly level-I versus level-II preinjury activity level. There were no significant differences in any clinical, functional, or physical activity outcomes among the treatment groups. Across treatment groups, 95% to 100% of patients were still active in some kind of sports and 65% to 88% had IKDC-SKF and KOOS scores above the threshold for a patient acceptable symptom state. Conclusions: Patients with ACL injury who were active in jumping, pivoting, and cutting sports prior to injury; who had no substantial concomitant knee injuries; and who followed our decision-making and treatment algorithm had good 5-year knee function and high sport participation rates. Three of 4 patients had undergone ACLR within 5 years. There were no significant differences in any outcomes among patients treated with early ACLR, delayed ACLR, or progressive rehabilitation alone.

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• Grindem, Hege (2026). When knee injury research meets the social world of sports. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2026). Ny innsikt og hva bør tas videre. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2026). Hvordan var gjennomføringen av tiltaket? Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2026). Ligner klubbene i #Utviklingsklar klubbene nasjonalt? Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2026). Velkommen og introduksjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2025). How do I optimize the management of the ACL-injured athlete? Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2025). We thought we would use different approaches for boys and girls, but ended up doing the same. This is why! Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2025). The ESSKA/AOSSM/AASPT meniscus rehabilitation consensus. Full text in Research Archive
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• Grindem, Hege (2025). The challenge of large-scale implementation—listen to the end users. Full text in Research Archive
• Sjølie, Emilie Scholten; Moen, Christian; Hausken, Solveig Elisabeth Sand; Hägglund, Martin; McKay, Carly & Myklebust, Grethe [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2025). Effectiveness of the youth handball injury prevention program #Utviklingsklar – a cluster randomized trial. Full text in Research Archive
• Moen, Christian; Sjølie, Emilie Scholten; Hausken, Solveig Elisabeth Sand; Bjørndal, Christian Thue; Myklebust, Grethe & Møller, Merete [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2025). Injury prevention in youth football and handball: development of a complex intervention. Full text in Research Archive
• Sjølie, Emilie Scholten; McKay, Carly; Gjesdal, Siv; Grindem, Hege; Myklebust, Grethe & Bjørndal, Christian Thue [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Targeting injury prevention behavior in youth handball and football: perspectives from 528 players and 337 coaches – a cross sectional study. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. 58(Suppl 2), A18-A18. 10.1136/bjsports-2024-IOC.31. Full text in Research Archive
• Moen, Christian; Myklebust, Grethe; Munkvold, Emilie; Hagglund, Martin; Bahr, Roald & Møller, Merete [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). 880 FO34 – Why does it work? Proposed mechanisms of effect in injury prevention programs in football and handball: a scoping review of 84 studies. British Journal of Sports Medicine. ISSN 0306-3674. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-IOC.33. Full text in Research Archive
• Myklebust, Grethe; Hägglund, Martin; Munkvold, Emilie; Bahr, Roald; Møller, Merete & Bjørndal, Christian Thue [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Why does it work? Proposed mechanisms of effect in injury prevention programs in football and handball: a scoping review of 84 studies. Full text in Research Archive
• Moen, Christian; Myklebust, Grethe; Munkvold, Emilie; Hägglund, Martin; Bahr, Roald & Møller, Merete [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Why does it work? Proposed mechanisms of effect in injury prevention programs in football and handball: a scoping review of 84 studies. Full text in Research Archive
• Moen, Christian; Myklebust, Grethe; Munkvold, Emilie; Hagglund, Martin; Bahr, Roald & Møller, Merete [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Why does it work? Proposed mechanisms of effect in injury prevention programs in football and handball: a scoping review of 84 studies. Full text in Research Archive
• Moen, Christian; Myklebust, Grethe; Munkvold, Emilie; Hägglund, Martin; Bahr, Roald & Møller, Merete [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Why does it work? Proposed biomedical effect mechanisms of injury prevention programs in football and handball: a scoping review of 84 studies. Full text in Research Archive
• Sjølie, Emilie Scholten; Myklebust, Grethe; Bjørndal, Christian Thue; Grindem, Hege & Møller, Merete (2024). Effectiveness of the injury preventive program #Utviklingsklar. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2024). From simple decision rules to a complex approach to keeping athletes in the game. Full text in Research Archive
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• Grindem, Hege (2024). #Utviklingsklar. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2024). How to tackle ACL injuries in female football. Full text in Research Archive
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• Grindem, Hege (2024). #Utviklingsklar. Full text in Research Archive
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• Bjørndal, Christian Thue; Hausken-Sutter, Solveig Elisabeth Sand; Myklebust, Grethe; Møller, Merete & Grindem, Hege (2024). Unveiling the significance of sociocultural dynamics in youth sport injury research: a comprehensive narrative review. Full text in Research Archive
• Jakobsen, Rune Bruhn; Tveiten, Caroline Emilie Van Woensel Ko; Løken, Sverre Bertrand; Persson, Andreas; Moksnes, Håvard & Grindem, Hege [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Siste nytt om fremre korsbånd hos idrettsutøvere. Full text in Research Archive
• Sjølie, Emilie Scholten; McKay, Carly; Gjesdal, Siv; Grindem, Hege; Myklebust, Grethe & Bjørndal, Christian Thue [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Targeting injury prevention behavior in youth handball and football: perspectives from 528 players and 337 coaches - a cross sectional study. Full text in Research Archive
• Sjølie, Emilie Scholten; McKay, Carly; Gjesdal, Siv; Grindem, Hege; Myklebust, Grethe & Bjørndal, Christian Thue [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Injury prevention behavior in youth handball and football: perspectives from 528 players and 337 coaches - a cross sectional study. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2023). Prosjektetpresentasjon NHF regioner. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2023). Retur til idrett etter meniskskade og bruskskade. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2023). Treatment of ACL injury in Norway. How do we improve? Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2023). Treatment of ACL injury in Norway. How do we improve? Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2023). Skadeforebygging i ungdomsidrett - velkommen. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2023). Helping everyday athletes stay healthy and active: A research overview. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2023). Better and safer return to sport after ACL reconstruction. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2023). Healthy & happy athletes after knee injury: essential rehabilitation and the latest research. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2023). KSP skadeforebygging - veien videre. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2023). Idrettskulturen. Hvordan påvirkes vi? Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2023). KSP skadeforebygging - introduksjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2023). KSP skadeforebygging - velkommen. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2023). Skadeforebygging i ungdomsidrett - veien videre. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2023). Skadeforebygging i ungdomshåndball. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2023). Twenty years of clinical ACL research. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2023). Meniscal injuries. Same same, but different. Full text in Research Archive
• Møller, Merete; Grindem, Hege; Bjørndal, Christian Thue & Myklebust, Grethe (2023). Injury prevention and injury prevention behavior in youth handball and football. Full text in Research Archive
• Moen, Christian; Myklebust, Grethe; Munkvold, Emilie; Hägglund, Martin; Bahr, Roald & Møller, Merete [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Hvorfor virker de? Effektmekanismer i skadeforebyggende programmer i fotball og håndball. Full text in Research Archive
• Hausken-Sutter, Solveig Elisabeth Sand; Bjørndal, Christian Thue; Møller, Merete; Myklebust, Grethe & Grindem, Hege (2023). Interdisciplinary injury prevention in youth sport and the influence of sociocultural aspects. Full text in Research Archive
• Moen, Christian; Myklebust, Grethe; Munkvold, Emilie; Hägglund, Martin; Bahr, Roald & Møller, Merete [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Hvorfor virker de? Effektmekanismer i skadeforebyggende programmer i fotball og håndball. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege & Johansen, Martin (2023). Knee function and psychological readiness 6 to 12 months after ACLR. Full text in Research Archive
• Urhausen, Anouk; Pedersen, Marie; Grindem, Hege; Gunderson, Ragnhild B.; Aune, Arne Kristian & Engebretsen, Lars [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2023). Lav grad av artrose og gode pasientrapporterte utfall 10 år etter korsbåndskade – Delaware-Oslo ACL kohorten. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørndal, Christian Thue; Myklebust, Grethe; Møller, Merete & Grindem, Hege (2023). Gjennomførbarhetsstudie - metode og resultat. Full text in Research Archive
• Hausken-Sutter, Solveig Elisabeth Sand; Bjørndal, Christian Thue; Myklebust, Grethe; Møller, Merete & Grindem, Hege (2023). Gjennomførbarhetsstudie - metode og resultat. Full text in Research Archive
• Tveiten, Caroline Emilie Van Woensel Ko; Jakobsen, Rune Bruhn; Bache-Mathiesen, Lena Kristin; Persson, Andreas; Myklebust, Grethe & Engebretsen, Lars [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Kommer utøvere på alle nivåer tilbake til vridningsidrett etter ACL rekonstruksjon? Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege & Sjølie, Emilie Scholten (2023). Prosjektfremleggelse for ledergruppen i Spill og trening NHF. Full text in Research Archive
• Sjølie, Emilie Scholten; Møller, Merete; Grindem, Hege; Myklebust, Grethe & Bjørndal, Christian Thue (2023). Injury prevention and injury prevention behavior in youth handball and football. Full text in Research Archive
• Sjølie, Emilie Scholten; McKay, Carly; Gjesdal, Siv; Grindem, Hege; Myklebust, Grethe & Bjørndal, Christian Thue [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Similar injury prevention behavior in youth handball and football: a cross-sectional study of 865 coaches and players. Full text in Research Archive
• Urhausen, Anouk; Pedersen, Marie; Grindem, Hege; Gunderson, Ragnhild B.; Aune, Arne Kristian & Engebretsen, Lars [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2023). Lav grad av artrose og gode pasientrapporterte utfall 10 år etter korsbåndskade – Delaware-Oslo ACL kohorten. Full text in Research Archive
• Tveiten, Caroline Emilie Van Woensel Ko; Jakobsen, Rune Bruhn; Bache-Mathiesen, Lena Kristin; Persson, Andreas; Myklebust, Grethe & Engebretsen, Lars [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Kommer utøvere på alle nivåer tilbake til vridningsidrett etter ACL rekonstruksjon? Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2022). Preventing injuries in youth sport through an interdisciplinary and theory-based approach. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2022). Behandling av korsbåndskader i Norge, hvordan blir vi bedre? Full text in Research Archive
• Urhausen, Anouk; Grindem, Hege & Risberg, May Arna (2022). Beregning av cutoffs for pasientrapporterte utfallsmål for tilfredsstillende knefunksjon 10 år etter en fremre korsbåndskade. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2022). Veien videre. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2022). Velkommen og introduksjon. Full text in Research Archive
• Hausken, Solveig Elisabeth Sand; Bjørndal, Christian Thue; Myklebust, Grethe; Møller, Merete & Grindem, Hege (2022). Sosiale og kulturelle forhold kan påvirke idrettsskader. Full text in Research Archive
• Moen, Christian; Myklebust, Grethe; Hagglund, Martin; Bahr, Roald; Møller, Merete & Bjørndal, Christian Thue [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Biomedisinsk perspektiv på skadeforebygging. Full text in Research Archive
• Sjølie, Emilie Scholten; Gjesdal, Siv; McKay, Carly; Grindem, Hege; Myklebust, Grethe & Bjørndal, Christian Thue [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Holdninger og atferd: skader og skadeforebygging. Full text in Research Archive
• Urhausen, Anouk; Grindem, Hege & Risberg, May Arna (2022). Hvordan påvirker preoperativ og postoperativ rehabilitering knefunksjonen 10 år etter fremre korsbåndrekonstruksjon? Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2022). Rehabilitation and assessment after ACL injury. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2022). Skadeforebygging i ungdomsidrett - kickoff. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2022). Kartlegging og forebygging av reskadeproblematikk. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2022). ACL rehabilitering. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2022). ACL rehabilitering. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2022). Short- and long-term outcomes of the Delaware-Oslo decision-making and treatment algorithm for ACL injury. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2021). 4 tips for knerehabilitering. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2021). Kan knerehabilitering stoppe utvikling av posttraumatisk artrose? Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2021). Komplikasjoner etter skade og kirurgi. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2021). Utfordringer med trygg retur til idrett etter skade. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege (2021). Top tips for rehabilitation and return to sport. Full text in Research Archive
• Myklebust, Grethe; Grindem, Hege & Ardern, Clare (2021). Keys to success for ACL injury prevention, rehabilitation and return to sport. Full text in Research Archive
• Grindem, Hege & Legernes, Henrik (2021). Idrettsutøveres erfaring med rehabilitering etter korsbåndsskade: Forklarende sekvensiell studie på idrettsutøvere i vridningsidretter. Norges idrettshøgskole. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Bakgrunn: Idrettsutøvere i vridningsidretter er spesielt utsatt for fremre korsbånd (ACL) ruptur. Rehabilitering ACL rekonstruksjon (ACLR) er en lang og krevende prosess, hvor kun 55 % returnerer til konkurranse nivå i idrett. Idrettsutøvere med høyere grad av etterlevelse til rehabilitering har bedre knefunksjon og høyere sannsynlighet for retur til idrett (RTS). Det er beskrevet at idrettsutøvere opplever fremmende og hemmende faktorer til etterlevelse av rehabilitering. Formålet med masteroppgaven er å identifisere ikke-profesjonelle idrettsutøvers opplevde fremmende og hemmende faktorer til etterlevelse av rehabiliteringsprogrammet og opptrappingsplanen i BEAST-studie, og beskrive hvilke erfaringer de har ved å følge BEAST intervensjonen. Metode: Forklarende sekvensiell studiedesign. Utvalget er deltakere i intervensjonsstudie BEAST for ACLR rehabilitering. Spørreskjemadata ble innhentet månedlig 6-14 måneder etter ACLR (n=37). Deretter ble deltakernes erfaringer utforsket via et semi-strukturert fokusgruppeintervju (n=4). Resultater: «Tro om konsekvenser» (gjennomsnitt 58,8 %, 95% KI: 38,1-79,5) fremmer etterlevelse av rehabiliteringsprogrammet, og «miljøfaktorer og ressurser» (gjennomsnitt 36,5 %, 95 % KI: 10,8-62,1) fremmer etterlevelse av opptrappingsplanen. «Sosial rolle og identitet» (gjennomsnitt 54,1 %, 95 % KI: 32,2-75,9) hemmer etterlevelse av rehabiliteringsprogrammet, og «følelser» (gjennomsnitt 29,7 %, 95 % KI: 2,7-56,7) hemmer etterlevelse av opptrappingsplanen. Deltakerne i fokusgruppeintervjuet sine erfaringen ble kategorisert til fire temaer; 1. Sosialt miljø, 2. Informasjon, 3. Å være del av BEAST, 4. Tankeprosess og følelser i relasjon til rehabilitering. Sosial støtte og kunnskap hadde en positiv innflytelse på rehabiliteringen og at de opplevde rehabiliterings varighet og COVID-19 restriksjoner som negativt. Konklusjon: «Tro om konsekvenser» og «sosiale rolle og identitet» fremmer etterlevelse av BEAST rehabiliteringsprogram og opptrappingsplan, mens «miljøfaktorer og ressurser» og «følelser» hemmer etterlevelse. Å få sosial støtte og kunnskap blir opplevd som positivt for rehabiliteringen, mens lang varighet og COVID-19 restriksjoner oppleves som negativt.

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